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the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life (同)space_biology, astrobiology

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宇宙航空生物学(宇宙飛行が生命に与える影響を研究する学問)
宇宙生物学(地球外の生物を研究する学問)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/31 11:53:01」(JST)

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Bioastronautics is a specialty area of biological and astronautical research which encompasses numerous aspects of biological, behavioral, and medical concern governing humans and other living organisms in a space flight environment; and includes design of payloads, space habitats, and life support systems. In short, it spans the study and support of life in space.

Bioastronautics includes many similarities with its sister discipline astronautical hygiene; they both study the hazards that man may encounter during a space flight. However, astronautical hygiene differs in many respects e.g. in this discipline, once a hazard is identified, the exposure risks are then assessed and the most effective measures determined to prevent or control exposure and thereby protect the health of the astronaut. Astronautical hygiene is an applied scientific discipline that requires knowledge and experience of many fields including bioastronautics, space medicine, ergonomics etc. The skills of astronautical hygiene are already being applied for example, to characterise moon dust and design the measures to mitigate exposure during lunar exploration, to develop accurate chemical monitoring techniques and use the results in the setting SMACs.

Of particular interest from a biological perspective are the effects of reduced gravitational force felt by inhabitants of spacecraft. Often referred to as "microgravity", the lack of sedimentation, buoyancy, or convective flows in fluids results in a more quiescent cellular and intercellular environment primarily driven by chemical gradients. Certain functions of organisms are mediated by gravity, such as gravitropism in plant roots and negative gravitropism in plant stems, and without this stimulus growth patterns of organisms onboard spacecraft often diverge from their terrestrial counterparts. Additionally, metabolic energy normally expended in overcoming the force of gravity remains available for other functions. This may take the form of accelerated growth in organisms as diverse as worms like C. elegans to miniature parasitoid wasps such as Spangia endius. It may also be used in the augmented production of secondary metabolites such as the vinca alkaloids Vincristine and Vinblastine in the rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), whereby space grown specimens often have higher concentrations of these constituents that on earth are present in only trace amounts.

From an engineering perspective, facilitating the delivery and exchange of air, food, and water, and the processing of waste products is also challenging. The transition from expendable physicochemical methods to sustainable bioregenerative systems that function as a robust miniature ecosystem is another goal of bioastronautics in facilitating long duration space travel. Such systems are often termed Closed Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS).

From a medical perspective, long duration space flight also has physiological impacts on astronauts. Accelerated bone decalcification, similar to osteopenia and osteoporosis on Earth, is just one such condition. Study of these effects is useful not only in advancing methods for safe habitation of and travel through space, but also in uncovering ways to more effectively treat the related terrestrial ailments.

NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas maintains a Bioastronautics Library (map). The one-room facility provides a collection of textbooks, reference books, conference proceedings, and academic journals related to bioastronautics topics. Because the library is located within secure government property (not part of Space Center Houston, the official visitors center of JSC), it is not generally accessible to the public.

External links

NASA's Bioastronautics Roadmap [1]
University of Colorado at Boulder Bioastronautics Research Group [2]
The American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB) [3]

English Journal

Invasive and ultrasound based monitoring of the intracranial pressure in an experimental model of epidural hematoma progressing towards brain tamponade on rabbits.

Kasapas K1, Diamantopoulou A2, Pentilas N3, Papalois A4, Douzinas E5, Kouraklis G2, Slama M6, Terkawi AS7, Blaivas M8, Sargsyan AE9, Karakitsos D8.Author information 1Department of Neurosurgery, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", 11527 Athens, Greece.22nd Department of Surgery, Athens Medical School, Laiko University Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.3Intensive Care Unit, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece.4Experimental Research Center ELPEN, 19009 Athens, Greece.53rd ICU Department, Athens Medical School, Evgenideio University Hospital, 15128 Athens, Greece.6ICU, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France.7Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia.8Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29225, USA.9Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group/NASA Bioastronautics, Houston, TX 77058, USA.AbstractINTRODUCTION: An experimental epidural hematoma model was used to study the relation of ultrasound indices, namely, transcranial color-coded-Doppler (TCCD) derived pulsatility index (PI), optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), and pupil constriction velocity (V) which was derived from a consensual sonographic pupillary light reflex (PLR) test with invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements.
TheScientificWorldJournal.ScientificWorldJournal.2014 Jan 21;2014:504248. doi: 10.1155/2014/504248. eCollection 2014.
INTRODUCTION: An experimental epidural hematoma model was used to study the relation of ultrasound indices, namely, transcranial color-coded-Doppler (TCCD) derived pulsatility index (PI), optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), and pupil constriction velocity (V) which was derived from a consensual sono
PMID 24578637

Space physiology IV: mathematical modeling of the cardiovascular system in space exploration.

Keith Sharp M1, Batzel JJ, Montani JP.Author information 1Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.AbstractMathematical modeling represents an important tool for analyzing cardiovascular function during spaceflight. This review describes how modeling of the cardiovascular system can contribute to space life science research and illustrates this process via modeling efforts to study postflight orthostatic intolerance (POI), a key issue for spaceflight. Examining this application also provides a context for considering broader applications of modeling techniques to the challenges of bioastronautics. POI, which affects a large fraction of astronauts in stand tests upon return to Earth, presents as dizziness, fainting and other symptoms, which can diminish crew performance and cause safety hazards. POI on the Moon or Mars could be more critical. In the field of bioastronautics, POI has been the dominant application of cardiovascular modeling for more than a decade, and a number of mechanisms for POI have been investigated. Modeling approaches include computational models with a range of incorporated factors and hemodynamic sophistication, and also physical models tested in parabolic and orbital flight. Mathematical methods such as parameter sensitivity analysis can help identify key system mechanisms. In the case of POI, this could lead to more effective countermeasures. Validation is a persistent issue in modeling efforts, and key considerations and needs for experimental data to synergistically improve understanding of cardiovascular responses are outlined. Future directions in cardiovascular modeling include subject-specific assessment of system status, as well as research on integrated physiological responses, leading, for instance, to assessment of subject-specific susceptibility to POI or effects of cardiovascular alterations on muscular, vision and cognitive function.
European journal of applied physiology.Eur J Appl Physiol.2013 Aug;113(8):1919-37. doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2623-x. Epub 2013 Mar 29.
Mathematical modeling represents an important tool for analyzing cardiovascular function during spaceflight. This review describes how modeling of the cardiovascular system can contribute to space life science research and illustrates this process via modeling efforts to study postflight orthostatic
PMID 23539439

[Founder of domestic bioastronautics (to the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Yazdovskiy)].

Vartbaronov RA, Zhdan'ko IM, Khomenko MN.AbstractThe article is concerned to the anniversary of the founder of domestic bioastronautics, leader and organizer of realization of biomedical programs, preparations and supply of the first space flights in our country, V.I. Yazdovskiy. The authors underlined significancy of his shining merits, which helped to develop domestic bioastronautics. In cooperation with S.P. Korolyov, V.I. Yazdovskiy launched the first manned spaceflight. With this flight our country became a leader in space exploration.
Voenno-medit͡sinskiĭ zhurnal.Voen Med Zh.2013 Jun;334(6):72-4.
The article is concerned to the anniversary of the founder of domestic bioastronautics, leader and organizer of realization of biomedical programs, preparations and supply of the first space flights in our country, V.I. Yazdovskiy. The authors underlined significancy of his shining merits, which hel
PMID 24000641