best evidence rule

　

WordNet

1. a rule of evidence requiring that to prove the content of a writing or recording or photograph the original is required
2. mark or draw with a ruler; "rule the margins"
3. keep in check; "rule ones temper" (同)harness, rein
4. the duration of a monarchs or governments power; "during the rule of Elizabeth"
5. measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths (同)ruler
6. (mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems; "he determined the upper bound with Descartes rule of signs"; "he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials" (同)formula
7. (linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice (同)linguistic rule
8. prescribed guide for conduct or action (同)prescript
9. a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior; "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast"; "short haircuts were the regulation" (同)regulation
10. any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order; "the rule of St. Dominic"
11. directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted; "he knew the rules of chess"
12. decide with authority; "The King decreed that all firstborn males should be killed" (同)decree
13. decide on and make a declaration about; "find someone guilty" (同)find
14. have an affinity with; of signs of the zodiac
15. to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
16. work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
17. have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
18. be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
19. happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
20. have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
21. occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
22. spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
23. it would be sensible; "youd best stay at home"
24. the supreme effort one can make; "they did their best"
25. the person who is most outstanding or excellent; someone who tops all others; "he could beat the best of them" (同)topper
26. (superlative of `good'
27. in a most excellent way or manner; "he played best after a couple of martinis"
28. your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief; "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" (同)grounds
29. (law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved
30. an indication that makes something evident; "his trembling was evidence of his fear"
31. Canadian physiologist (born in the United States) who assisted F. G. Banting in research leading to the discovery of insulin (1899-1978) (同)C. H. Best, Charles Herbert Best

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉『規則』,規定;法則 / 〈C〉『慣例』,慣習;通例,通則 / 〈U〉『支配』,統治;統治期間;統治権 / 〈C〉ものさし,定規(ruler) / 〈国・人など〉‘を'『支配する』,統治する,統御する / 《しばしば受動態で》〈感情などが〉〈人,人の行動など〉‘を'左右する,動かす / 〈裁判所・裁判官などが〉…‘と'裁決する,決定する / 〈紙〉‘に'線を引く / (…を)『支配する』,統治する《+『over』+『名』》 / (…について)裁決する,判定する《+『on』+『名』》;(…に反対の)裁決をする《+『against』+『名』(do『ing』)》・〈米俗〉抜群である、最高である
2. 《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
3. (『good』の最上級;比較級は『better』)『いちばんよい』,最もよい,最良の / (『well』の最上級;比較級は『better』)『健康状態が最良の』(healthiest) / 最大の,大部分の / 《話》(反語的に)きわめてひどい,徹底した / (『well』の最上級;比較級は『better』)『いちばんよく』,最もよく,最も / 《通例過去分詞と結合して形容詞を作って》最もよく / 『最上』,最善,最良;最もすぐれた人々(物) / (…の)『最もよいもの』(部分)《+『of』+『名』》
4. 『証拠』,証拠物件 / 印,徴侯,形跡(indication)・(証拠をあげて)…‘を'証明する・「in evidence」で「証拠(証人)として」

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/22 10:16:41」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Evidence
Part of the common law series
Types of evidence
Testimony Documentary Real (physical) Digital Exculpatory Inculpatory Demonstrative Eyewitness identification Genetic (DNA) Lies
Relevance
Burden of proof Laying a foundation Materiality Public policy exclusions Spoliation Character Habit Similar fact
Authentication
Chain of custody Judicial notice Best evidence rule Self-authenticating document Ancient document Hague Evidence Convention
Witnesses
Competence Privilege Direct examination Cross-examination Redirect Impeachment Recorded recollection Expert witness Dead Man's Statute
Hearsay and exceptions
in English law in United States law Confessions Business records Excited utterance Dying declaration Party admission Ancient document Declaration against interest Present sense impression Res gestae Learned treatise Implied assertion
Other common law areas
Contract Tort Property Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law

The best evidence rule is a legal principle that holds an original copy of a document as superior evidence. The rule specifies that secondary evidence, such as a copy or facsimile, will be not admissible if an original document exists and can be obtained. The rule has its roots in 18th century, British law.

History and description

The best evidence rule has its origins in the 18th century case Omychund v Barker (1745) 1 Atk, 21, 49; 26 ER 15, 33. Wherein Lord Harwicke stated that no evidence was admissible unless it was "the best that the nature of the case will allow".

According to Blackstone's Criminal Practice the best evidence rule in England and Wales as used in earlier centuries "is now all but defunct". Lord Denning MR says that "nowadays we do not confine ourselves to the best evidence. We admit all relevant evidence. The goodness or badness of it goes only to weight and not to admissibility."

In the United States the best evidence rule is part of Article X of the Federal Rules of Evidence (Rules 1001-1008). The rule specifies the guidelines under which one of the parties of a court case may request that they be allowed to submit into evidence a copy of the contents of a document, recording or photograph at a trial when the "original document is not available." If the party is able to provide an acceptable reason for the absence of the original then "secondary evidence" or copies of the content in the original document can be admitted as evidence. The best evidence rule is only applied in situations where a party attempts to substantiate a non-original document submitted as evidence during a trial.

References

External links

• Summary of the Rules of Evidence: The Essential Tools for Survival in the Courtroom

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 活動的な成人における膝痛の評価 evaluation of the active adult patient with knee pain
• 2. 成人における頸部脊柱損傷の評価および急性マネージメント evaluation and acute management of cervical spinal column injuries in adults
• 3. エビデンスに基づいた医療 evidence based medicine
• 4. 成人における気道確保困難 the difficult airway in adults
• 5. 腎移植におけるエビデンスに基づいた医療および臨床試験 evidence based medicine and clinical trials in renal transplantation

English Journal

• Are Brain Dead Individuals Dead? Grounds for Reasonable Doubt.

• Brugger EC1.
• The Journal of medicine and philosophy.J Med Philos.2016 Apr 13. pii: jhw003. [Epub ahead of print]
• According to the biological definition of death, a human body that has not lost the capacity to holistically organize itself is the body of a living human individual. Reasonable doubt against the conclusion that it has lost the capacity exists when the body appears to express it and no evidence to t
• PMID 27075192

• Evidence for and Against a Pathogenic Role of Reduced γ-Secretase Activity in Familial Alzheimer's Disease.

• Jayne T1, Newman M1, Verdile G2,3,4, Sutherland G5, Münch G6, Musgrave I7, Moussavi Nik SH1, Lardelli M1.
• Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.J Alzheimers Dis.2016 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print]
• The majority of mutations causing familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) have been found in the gene PRESENILIN1 (PSEN1) with additional mutations in the related gene PRESENILIN2 (PSEN2). The best characterized function of PRESENILIN (PSEN) proteins is in γ-secretase enzyme activity. One substrate of �
• PMID 27060961

• The effect of identical word pairs on people's metamemory judgments: What are the contributions of processing fluency and beliefs about memory?

• Mueller ML1, Dunlosky J1, Tauber SK2.
• Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006).Q J Exp Psychol (Hove).2016 Apr;69(4):781-99. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1058404. Epub 2015 Jul 3.
• Judgments of learning (JOLs) are higher for identical pairs (dog-dog) than for related pairs (dog-cat). This identical effect may be mediated (a) by processing fluency (i.e., identical pairs are processed faster than related pairs) or (b) by a belief that identical pairs are better remembered or (c)
• PMID 26059683

Japanese Journal

• 進行胃癌との鑑別が困難であった好酸球性胃炎の１手術例

• 日本臨床外科学会雑誌 71(6), 1477-1482, 2010
• NAID 130004517667

• Comparative Analysis on Heuristic Methods of Generating Choice-set in Urban Rail Route Choice: Evidence from Tokyo Metropolitan Area:Evidence from Tokyo Metropolitan Area

• Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 8, 644-658, 2010
• NAID 130000400966

• Comparative Analysis on Heuristic Methods of Generating a Choice Set in Urban Rail Route Choice: Evidence from the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

• Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 2009(0), 128-128, 2009
• NAID 130005036840

---

★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「evidence」「rule」「best」「BEST」「be」

「evidence」

　　[★]

• n.

• 証拠、根拠、証明、(臨床)エビデンス、証明する

関

attest、bases、basis、certification、certify、demonstrate、demonstration、establish、foundation、ground、hallmark、proof、prove、proven、reason、testify、testimonial、testimony、witness

　 　 　 　

「rule」

　　[★]

• n.

• 規則、規定、ルール。(修道院などの)会則、会規、宗規。(法)(法廷の)命令、規則、法律原則
• 定則、通則。法則、方式、標準
• 通常のこと、常例、通例。主義
• 支配、統治
• 物差し、定規

• vt.
• vi.

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「best」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 最高の、最良の

• adv

• 最も

関

highest、most、paramount

　 　 　 　 　 　

「BEST」

　　[★]

関

Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial

「be」

　　[★]