WordNet

tuft of small stiff feathers on the first digit of a birds wing (同)alula, spurious wing
a stage area out of sight of the audience (同)offstage, backstage
a movable organ for flying (one of a pair)
one of the horizontal airfoils on either side of the fuselage of an airplane
(in flight formation) a position to the side and just to the rear of another aircraft
a group within a political party or legislature or other organization that holds distinct views or has a particular function; "they are the progressive wing of the Republican Party"
a hockey player stationed in a forward position on either side
a unit of military aircraft
the wing of a fowl; "he preferred the drumsticks to the wings"
be the winner in a contest or competition; be victorious; "He won the Gold Medal in skating"; "Our home team won"; "Win the game"
a victory (as in a race or other competition); "he was happy to get the win"
derogatory term for a variation that is not genuine; something irregular or inferior or of dubious origin; "the architecture was a kind of bastard suggesting Gothic but not true Gothic" (同)mongrel
the illegitimate offspring of unmarried parents (同)by-blow, love child, illegitimate child, illegitimate, whoreson
very fast; as if with wings; "on winged feet"
having wings or as if having wings of a specified kind; "the winged feet of Mercury";
a means of flight or ascent; "necessity lends wings to inspiration"
stylized bird wings worn as an insignia by qualified pilots or air crew members

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(鳥の)『翼』,(昆虫の)羽 / (飛行機・風車などの)『翼』,羽 / (建物の)翼(よく),そで / (政党などの)『分派』,…翼 / 《複数形で》(舞台の)そで,たもと(観客から見えない部分) / (サッカーなどの)ウィング,ウィングの選手 / (部隊・艦隊の左右の)翼,側面部隊;(空軍の)飛行大隊 / 《複数形で》パイロット記章 / 《英》=fender 1 / 《wing one's way の形で》飛んで行く / …‘を'飛ばす;…‘に'スピードをつける / (…で)…‘に'翼をつける《+名+with+名》 / 〈鳥〉‘の'翼を傷つける,〈人〉の腕を傷つける / 〈芝居の役など〉‘を'せりふを暗記しないで演じる / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》飛ぶ
(競争・競技などで)(…に)『勝つ』,優勝する《+at(in)+名》 / (…に対して)勝つ,勝利を得る《+against(over)+名》 / 〈戦争・競技など〉‘に'『勝つ』 / 〈賞・名声など〉‘を'『勝ち取る』,(努力して)獲得する / 〈人〉‘を'説得する,味方につける,の支持を得る / 《文》〈目標など〉‘に'到達する / (特にスポーツで)勝利,勝ち
私生児,庶子 / 《俗》きらわれ者,いやな野郎
翼のある / 飛翔(ひしょう)するような,速い

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/08 13:17:08」(JST)

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This article is about the alula feather. For other uses, see Alula (disambiguation).

Adult Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) landing, showing the alula in action.

The alula, or bastard wing, (plural alulae) is a small projection on the anterior edge of the wing of modern (and some ancient) birds. The word is Latin and means "winglet"; it is the diminutive of ala, meaning "wing". The alula is the freely moving first digit, a bird's "thumb," and typically bears three to five small flight feathers, with the exact number depending on the species. There also are minor covert feathers overlying the flight feathers. Like the larger flight feathers found on the wing's trailing edge, these alula feathers are asymmetrical, with the shaft running closer to anterior edge.

Function[edit]

In most situations, the alula is held flush against the wing; however, it can be manipulated. When flying at slow speeds or landing, the bird moves its alula slightly upwards and forward, which creates a small slot on the wing's leading edge. This functions in the same way as the slats on the wing of an aircraft, allowing the wing to achieve a higher than normal angle of attack – and thus lift – without resulting in a stall.^[1] During stretching of the wing down toward the ground, the alula is abducted from the wing and can be clearly viewed.

Alula in ancient birds[edit]

The presence of an alula has been confirmed in several now-extinct ancient relatives of modern birds, including Eoalulavis hoyasi (an enantiornithine from the mid-Cretaceous, 115^[2] mya) and the earlier Protopteryx fengningensis.^[3] Since these species are not closely related to modern birds, either the alula evolved twice, or it did so more than 130 million years ago.

Alula in flies[edit]

In flies (Diptera), the alula is a lobe of the posterior margin of the wing bounded proximally by the upper calypter, distally by the axillary incision, and anteriorly by the base of the anal vein. The term has also been applied to the upper and lower calypters collectively.

Citations[edit]

^ Ehrlich et al. 1994, p. 219
^ Sanz et al. 1996
^ Zhang & Zhou 8 December 2000

References[edit]

Ehrlich, Paul R; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl; Pimms, Stuart L. (1994), The Birdwatcher's Handbook, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-858407-5
Sanz, J. L.; Chiappe, L. M.; Pérez-Moreno, B. P.; Buscalioni, A. D.; Moratalla, J. J.; Ortega, F.; Poyato-Ariza, F. J. (1996-08-01), "An Early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight", Nature 382 (6590): 442–445, doi:10.1038/382442a0
Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe (8 December 2000), "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers", Science 290 (5498): 1955–1959, doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955, PMID 11110660

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Bastard J1, Tiran D.
Complementary therapies in clinical practice.Complement Ther Clin Pract.2006 Feb;12(1):48-54. Epub 2005 Oct 6.
Antenatal anxiety has been linked to maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes which can affect fetal development and may have lasting effects on the child's psychological development. Treatments for anxiety have hitherto focused on psychotherapy techniques or antidepressant drugs but the
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A primitive enantiornithine bird and the origin of feathers.

Zhang F1, Zhou Z.
Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1955-9.
A fossil enantiornithine bird, Protopteryx fengningensis gen. et sp. nov., was collected from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Northern China. It provides fossil evidence of a triosseal canal in early birds. The manus and the alular digit are long, as in Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis, but
PMID 11110660