bacterial outer membrane protein

• 細菌外膜タンパク質

WordNet

1. reveal (something) about somebodys identity or lifestyle; "The gay actor was outed last week"; "Someone outed a CIA agent"
2. (baseball) a failure by a batter or runner to reach a base safely in baseball; "you only get 3 outs per inning"
3. be made known; be disclosed or revealed; "The truth will out" (同)come_out
4. away from home; "they went out last night"
5. directed outward or serving to direct something outward; "the out doorway"; "the out basket"
6. moving or appearing to move away from a place, especially one that is enclosed or hidden; "the cat came out from under the bed";
7. no longer fashionable; "that style is out these days"
8. not allowed to continue to bat or run; "he was tagged out at second on a close play"; "he fanned out"
9. not worth considering as a possibility; "a picnic is out because of the weather"
10. out of power; especially having been unsuccessful in an election; "now the Democrats are out"
11. outer or outlying; "the out islands"
12. outside or external; "the out surface of a ships hull"
13. located outside; "outer reality"
14. being on or toward the outside of the body; "the outer ear"
15. being on the outside or further from a center; "spent hours adorning the outer man"; "the outer suburbs"
16. any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
17. (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
18. a thin pliable sheet of material
19. a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants (同)tissue layer

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (ある位置・状態から)『外へ』(『で』),外出して;戸外に;外国に / (隠れた所から表面に)『現れ出て』;世に出て;発表されて;(花・葉などが)出て来て,咲いて / 『無くなって』,消えて;終わって;流行遅れの,すたれた / 『最後まで』,すっかり / 大声で,はっきりと,隠さずに / (政権・現職から)離れて,去って / 仕事を休んで;ストライキをやって / (調子が)狂って,乱れて,(関節などが)はずれて;まちがって;損をして / (野球・クリケットで)アウトになって(ボクシングで)ノックアウトになって / 支配権を失った,政権から離れた / (野球・クリケットで打者・走者が)アウトになった / (衣服などが)並はずれて大きい,特大の / 遠く離れた / 《米》…から[外に(を)] / 《米》…に沿って外へ,のはずれに / (野球・クリケットで)アウト;《the outs》守備測 / 《複数形で》失業者 / 《米話》言い訳,口実 / ばれる,露見する / 出て行け
2. 外に,外側の,外部の / 中心から遠い
3. 蛋白(たんばく)質
4. 『バクテリア』,細菌
5. (生物の)膜,皮膜

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/10 23:12:36」(JST)

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Crystal structure of Potassium channel Kv1.2/2.1 Chimera. Calculated hydrocarbon boundaries of the lipid bilayer are indicated by red and blue dots.

Membrane proteins are proteins that interact with, or are part of, biological membranes. They include integral membrane proteins that are permanently anchored or part of the membrane and peripheral membrane proteins that are only temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer or to other integral proteins. The integral membrane proteins are classified as transmembrane proteins that span across the membrane and integral monotopic proteins that are attached to only one side of the membrane. Membrane proteins are a common type of proteins along with soluble globular proteins, fibrous proteins, and disordered proteins. They are targets of over 50% of all modern medicinal drugs. It is estimated that 20–30% of all genes in most genomes encode membrane proteins.

Compared to other classes of proteins, the determination of membrane protein structures has remained a challenge in large part due to the difficulty in establishing experimental conditions where the correct conformation of the protein in isolation from its native environment is preserved.

Function

Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:

• Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments.
• Transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane. They can be categorized according to the Transporter Classification database.
• Membrane enzymes may have many activities, such as oxidoreductase, transferase or hydrolase.
• Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to identify each other and interact. For example, proteins involved in immune response.

Integral membrane proteins

Schematic representation of transmembrane proteins: 1. a single transmembrane α-helix (bitopic membrane protein) 2. a polytopic transmembrane α-helical protein 3. a polytopic transmembrane β-sheet protein

The membrane is represented in light-brown.

Main articles: Integral membrane protein and Transmembrane protein

Integral membrane proteins are permanently attached to the membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using detergents, nonpolar solvents, or sometimes denaturing agents. They can be classified according to their relationship with the bilayer:

• Integral polytopic proteins, also known as "transmembrane proteins," are integral membrane proteins that span across the membrane at least once. These proteins may have different transmembrane topology. These proteins have one of two structural architectures:
  • helix bundle proteins, which are present in all types of biological membranes;
  • beta barrel proteins, which are found only in outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, lipid-rich cell walls of a few Gram-positive bacteria, and outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
• Integral monotopic proteins are integral membrane proteins that are attached to only one side of the membrane and do not span the whole way across.

Peripheral membrane proteins

Schematic representation of the different types of interaction between monotopic membrane proteins and the cell membrane: 1. interaction by an amphipathic α-helix parallel to the membrane plane (in-plane membrane helix) 2. interaction by a hydrophobic loop 3. interaction by a covalently bound membrane lipid (lipidation) 4. electrostatic or ionic interactions with membrane lipids (e.g. through a calcium ion)

Main article: Peripheral membrane protein

Peripheral membrane proteins are temporarily attached either to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins by a combination of hydrophobic, electrostatic, and other non-covalent interactions. Peripheral proteins dissociate following treatment with a polar reagent, such as a solution with an elevated pH or high salt concentrations.

Integral and peripheral proteins may be post-translationally modified, with added fatty acid or prenyl chains, or GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol), which may be anchored in the lipid bilayer.

Polypeptide toxins

Main article: Pore-forming toxin

Polypeptide toxins and many antibacterial peptides, such as colicins or hemolysins, and certain proteins involved in apoptosis, are sometimes considered a separate category. These proteins are water-soluble but can aggregate and associate irreversibly with the lipid bilayer and become reversibly or irreversibly membrane-associated.

Membrane proteins in genomes

A large fraction of all proteins are thought to be membrane proteins. For instance, about 1000 of the ~4200 proteins of E. coli are thought to be membrane proteins. The membrane localization has been confirmed for more than 600 of them experimentally. The localization of proteins in membranes can be predicted very reliably using hydrophobicity analyses of protein sequences, i.e. the localization of hydrophobic amino acid sequences.

See also

• Integral membrane proteins
• Transmembrane proteins
• Peripheral membrane proteins
• Annular lipid shell
• Ion pump (biology)
• Carrier protein
• Ion channel
• Receptor (biochemistry)
• List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
• Inner nuclear membrane proteins

External links

Organizations

• Membrane Protein Structural Dynamics Consortium

Membrane protein databases

• TCDB - Transporter Classification database, a comprehensive classification of transmembrane transporter proteins
• Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database 3D structures of integral and peripheral membrane proteins arranged in the lipid bilayer
• Protein Data Bank of Transmembrane Proteins 3D models of all transmembrane proteins currently in PDB. Approximate positions of membrane boundary planes were calculated for each PDB entry.
• TransportDB Genomics-oriented database of transporters from TIGR
• Membrane PDB Database of 3D structures of integral membrane proteins and hydrophobic peptides with an emphasis on crystallization conditions
• List of transmembrane proteins of known 3D structure, incomplete list of transmembrane proteins from the Protein Data Bank

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. インフルエンザ菌の微生物学、疫学および治療 microbiology epidemiology and treatment of haemophilus influenzae
• 2. 好中球減少症における感染の原因 infectious causes of neutropenia
• 3. 播種性淋菌感染 disseminated gonococcal infection
• 4. 回帰熱の微生物学、病因、および疫学 microbiology pathogenesis and epidemiology of relapsing fever
• 5. コレラ菌感染の病因 pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae infection

English Journal

• Recombinant expression, antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of tritrpticin analogs containing fluoro-tryptophan residues.

• Arias M1, Hoffarth ER1, Ishida H1, Aramini JM2, Vogel HJ3.
• Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2016 May;1858(5):1012-23. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.023. Epub 2015 Dec 23.
• The increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections has prompted significant academic research into new therapeutic agents targeted against these pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear as promising candidates, due their potent antimicrobial activity and their ubiquitous presence in al
• PMID 26724205

• Metaproteomics and ultrastructure characterization of Komagataeibacter spp. involved in high-acid spirit vinegar production.

• Andrés-Barrao C1, Saad MM1, Cabello Ferrete E1, Bravo D2, Chappuis ML1, Ortega Pérez R1, Junier P2, Perret X1, Barja F3.
• Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2016 May;55:112-22. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.10.012. Epub 2015 Oct 20.
• Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are widespread microorganisms in nature, extensively used in food industry to transform alcohols and sugar alcohols into their corresponding organic acids. Specialized strains are used in the production of vinegar through the oxidative transformation of ethanol into acetic
• PMID 26742622

• Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO): an old protein with new functions?

• Li F, Liu J, Liu N, Kuhn LA, Garavito RM, Ferguson-Miller SM.
• Biochemistry.Biochemistry.2016 Apr 13. [Epub ahead of print]
• The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) was previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in eukaryotes, where it is mainly localized to the mitochondrial outer membrane. Considerable evidence indicates that it plays regulatory roles in steroidogenesis and apoptosis, as well as bei
• PMID 27074410

Japanese Journal

• 偏性嫌気性細菌Selenomonas ruminantiumの表層膜安定化機構 : 細胞壁結合型カダベリンの分子機能並びにその合成・制御系

• 児島 征司,神尾 好是
• ビタミン 86(1), 1-12, 2012-01-25
• … It generally exists as free form but in Selenomonas ruminantium, an strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, cadaverine (NH_3^+・(CH_2)_5・NH_3^+) covalently links to peptidoglycan as a pivotal constituent for maintaining the envelope integrity through the interaction with outer membrane protein Mep45. …
• NAID 110009327876

• Molecular Basis for the Maintenance of Envelope Integrity in Selenomonas ruminantium: Cadaverine Biosynthesis and Covalent Modification into the Peptidoglycan Play a Major Role

• KOJIMA Seiji,KAMIO Yoshiyuki
• Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 58(3), 153-160, 2012
• … Synthesized polyamines are implicated in a wide variety of cytoplasmic reactions such as DNA replication and protein synthesis, and are essential for proper growth of the organisms. … It serves as an essential constituent of the peptidoglycan for the maintenance of envelope integrity through an interaction with the periplasm-exposed SLH domain of Mep45, the outer membrane protein of this bacterium. …
• NAID 130002103038

• Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli CS6 gene products and their roles in CS6 structural protein assembly and cellular adherence

• Wajima Takeaki,Sabui Subrata,Fukumoto Megumi,Kano Shigeyuki,Ramamurthy Thandavarayan,Chatterjee Nabendu Sekhar,Hamabata Takashi
• Microbial Pathogenesis 51(4), 243-249, 2011-10-00
• … The molecular mechanism of CS6 assembly and cell surface presentation, and the contribution of each protein to the attachment of the bacterium to intestinal cells remain unclear. … Bacterial cell fractionation and western blotting of the mutant strains suggested that the formation of a CssA–CssB–CssC complex is necessary for recognition by CssD and transport of CssA–CssB to the outer membrane as a colonization factor. …
• NAID 120004247120

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細菌外膜タンパク質」
関連記事	「outer」「bacterial」「out」「membrane」

「細菌外膜タンパク質」

　　[★]

英

bacterial outer membrane protein

「outer」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 外側の

関

external、externally、lateral、laterale、lateralis、laterally、outside

　 　 　 　

「bacterial」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 細菌性の、細菌の、細菌的な

関

bacteria、bacterially、bacterio、bacterium

　 　

「out」

　　[★] 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「membrane」

　　[★]

• n.

• 膜、メンブラン