関: ADCA

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/27 01:09:23」(JST)

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Azodicarbonamide, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C₂H₄O₂N₄.^[1] It is a yellow to orange red, odorless, crystalline powder. As a food additive, it is known by the E number E927.

Uses

As a food additive

As a food additive, azodicarbonamide is used as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner.^[2] It reacts with moist flour as an oxidizing agent.^[3] The main reaction product is biurea, a derivative of urea, which is stable during baking.^[3] Secondary reaction products include semicarbazide and ethyl carbamate.^[2]

Safety and regulation

As a food additive, azodicarbonamide is not authorised for use in Australia and the European Union.^[4]^:548^[5] In the United States, azodicarbonamide has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status and is allowed to be added to flour at levels up to 45 ppm.^[6]^[4]^:548

Other uses

The principal use of azodicarbonamide is in the production of foamed plastics as a blowing agent. The thermal decomposition of azodicarbonamide results in the evolution of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.

Azodicarbonamide is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified. Modification affects the reaction temperatures. Pure azodicarbonamide generally reacts around 200 °C. In the plastic, leather, and other industries, modified azodicarbonamide (average decomposition temperature 170 °C) contains additives that accelerate the reaction or react at lower temperatures.

Safety and regulation

Azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent in plastics has been banned in the European Union since August 2005 for the manufacture of plastic articles that are intended to come into direct contact with food.^[7]

In the UK, the Health and Safety Executive has identified azodicarbonamide as a respiratory sensitizer (a possible cause of asthma) in workplace settings and determined that containers of it should be labeled with "May cause sensitisation by inhalation."^[8] In a 1999 report, the World Health Organization linked azodicarbonamide to "respiratory issues, allergies and asthma" for individuals at workplaces where azodicarbonamide is manufactured or handled in raw form. The available data are restricted to these occupational environments. Exposure of the general public to azodicarbonamide could not be evaluated because of the lack of available data.^[9] The WHO concluded, "The level of risk is uncertain; hence, exposure levels should be reduced as much as possible."^[10]

References

^ "Azodicarbonamide (CICADS)". Inchem. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-14. Also published by World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999.
^ ^a ^b FDA Frequently Asked Questions on Azodicarbonamide (ADA) Page Last Updated: 20 June, 2014
^ ^a ^b WHO FAO 1965. Toxicological Evaluation of Some Antimicrobials, Antioxidants, Emulsifiers, Stabilizers, Flour-Treatment Agents, Acids and Bases: Azodicarbonamide FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 40A,B,C. WHO/Food Add./67.29
^ ^a ^b Smith, Jim; Hong-Shum, Lily (2011). Food additives data book (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405195430.
^ European Commission. "European Union: Authorisation of Additives". Retrieved 2014-12-31.
^ "21CFR172.806". Code of Federal Regulations. April 1, 2012.
^ "COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2004/1/EC of 6 January 2004 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the suspension of the use of azodicarbonamide as blowing agent". Official Journal of the European Union. 2004-01-13. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
^ "Substances causing/worsening asthma". UK Occupational Health and Safety. WorkSafe Victoria. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
^ "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 16: Azodicarbonamide". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
^ Elizabeth Landau (17 February 2014). "Subway to remove 'dough conditioner' chemical from bread". CNN. Retrieved 23 January 2015.

External links

International Chemical Safety Card

English Journal

Polymer strip films as a robust, surfactant-free platform for delivery of BCS Class II drug nanoparticles.

Krull SM1, Susarla R1, Afolabi A1, Li M1, Ying Y2, Iqbal Z2, Bilgili E1, Davé RN3.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2015 Jul 15;489(1-2):45-57. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.034. Epub 2015 Apr 15.
The robustness of the polymer strip film platform to successfully deliver a variety of BCS Class II drug nanoparticles without the need for surfactant while retaining positive characteristics such as nanoparticle redispersibility and fast dissolution is demonstrated. Fenofibrate (FNB), griseofulvin
PMID 25888803

Is the combination of cellulosic polymers and anionic surfactants a good strategy for ensuring physical stability of BCS Class II drug nanosuspensions?

Bilgili E1, Li M, Afolabi A.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2015 Mar 16:1-12. [Epub ahead of print]
Ensuring the physical stability of drug nanosuspensions prepared via wet media milling has been a challenge for pharmaceutical scientists. The aim of this study is to assess the combined use of non-ionic cellulosic polymers and anionic surfactants in stabilizing multiple drug nanosuspensions. Partic
PMID 25774989

[Determination of biurea in flour and its products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

Wang Y, Wang J, Xiang L, Xi C, Chen D, Peng T, Wang G, Mu Z.
Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography / Zhongguo hua xue hui.Se Pu.2014 May;32(5):513-8.
A novel method was established for the determination and identification of biurea in flour and its products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The biurea was extracted with water and oxidized to azodicarbonamide by potassium permanganate. The azodicarbonamide was then d
PMID 25185312

Japanese Journal

瓶詰食品中のセミカルバジドの分析

六鹿元雄,山口未来,河村葉子 [他],棚元憲一
日本食品化学学会誌 15(2), 67-72, 2008-08-20
… SEM is a thermal degradation product of azodicarbonamide which is a foaming agent for plastic gaskets on metal lids. …
NAID 110007367371

瓶詰食品キャップシーリング中のセミカルバジドの分析

六鹿元雄,河村葉子,棚元憲一
日本食品化学学会誌 15(1), 23-27, 2008-04-30
… SEM is a thermal degradation products of azodicarbonamide (ADC) which is a foaming agent for plastic gaskets on metal lids. …
NAID 110007367366

アゾジカルボンアミドと酸化剤の反応

山崎謙一,古賀道生,津留壽昭
Science and Technology of Energetic Materials : journal of the Japan Explosive Society 67(3), 83-86, 2006-06-30
NAID 10017189604

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リンク元	「ADCA」「アゾジカルボンアミド」

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Azodicarbonamide
Names
	IUPAC name Carbamoyliminourea
	Other names Azodicarboxamide; Azobisformamide; C,C'-Azodi(formamide); Diazenedicarboxamide
Identifiers
CAS number	123-77-3
ChEMBL	ChEMBL28517
ChemSpider	4575589
EC-number	204-650-8
	InChI InChI=1S/C2H4N4O2/c3-1(7)5-6-2(4)8/h(H2,3,7)(H2,4,8)/b6-5+ ; Key: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N ; InChI=1/C2H4N4O2/c3-1(7)5-6-2(4)8/h(H2,3,7)(H2,4,8)/b6-5+; Key: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKBW ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
PubChem	31269
	SMILES O=C(/N=N/C(=O)N)N ;
UNII	56Z28B9C8O
Properties
Molecular formula	C2H4N4O2
Molar mass	116.08 g·mol−1
Appearance	Yellow to orange/red crystalline powder
Melting point	225 °C (437 °F; 498 K) (decomposes)
Hazards
MSDS	[1]
EU classification	Harmful (XN)
R-phrases	R42 R44
S-phrases	S22 S24 S37
NFPA 704	1 1 0
	Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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	Infobox references

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「アゾジカルボンアミド」

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英: azodicarbonamide、ADCA
関: 腺癌

[1] "Azodicarbonamide (CICADS)". Inchem. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-14. Also published by World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999.

[FDA-2] FDA Frequently Asked Questions on Azodicarbonamide (ADA) Page Last Updated: 20 June, 2014

[WHOFAO-3] WHO FAO 1965. Toxicological Evaluation of Some Antimicrobials, Antioxidants, Emulsifiers, Stabilizers, Flour-Treatment Agents, Acids and Bases: Azodicarbonamide FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series No. 40A,B,C. WHO/Food Add./67.29

[FADB-4] Smith, Jim; Hong-Shum, Lily (2011). Food additives data book (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405195430.

[EU-5] European Commission. "European Union: Authorisation of Additives". Retrieved 2014-12-31.

[6] "21CFR172.806". Code of Federal Regulations. April 1, 2012.

[7] "COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2004/1/EC of 6 January 2004 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the suspension of the use of azodicarbonamide as blowing agent". Official Journal of the European Union. 2004-01-13. Retrieved 2011-03-10.

[8] "Substances causing/worsening asthma". UK Occupational Health and Safety. WorkSafe Victoria. Retrieved 2010-08-14.

[9] "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 16: Azodicarbonamide". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2014-02-05.

[10] Elizabeth Landau (17 February 2014). "Subway to remove 'dough conditioner' chemical from bread". CNN. Retrieved 23 January 2015.

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azodicarbonamide

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Contents

Uses

As a food additive

Safety and regulation

Other uses

Safety and regulation

References

External links

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

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「ADCA」

「アゾジカルボンアミド」