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any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye
pertaining to or characteristic of birds

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/06 11:34:37」(JST)

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Aviadenoviruses are adenoviruses that affect birds - particularly chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys and pheasants. They are non-enveloped, icosahedral viruses that are 74–80 nm in diameter, having a double stranded DNA genome of approximately 26–45 kilo–base pairs (kbp) and a guanine/cytosine content of 53–59%. The viruses causes specific disease syndromes such as Quail Bronchitis (QB), Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS), Haemorrhagic Enteritis (HE), Pheasant Marble Spleen Disease (MSD) and Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH). Avian adenoviruses have a worldwide distribution and it is common to find multiple species on a single farm. The most common serogroups are serogroup 1, 2 and 3.

Transmission

No evidence of transmission from birds to humans has been identified. The virus is mainly spread horizontally by the oro-fecal route, but vertical transmission can occur in serogroup 1. Once it has infected the bird the virus may remain latent until a period of stress, when it may then cause clinical disease.

Clinical signs and diagnosis

Infections are normally subclinical, however clinical disease can occur - especially in young birds as maternal antibody levels begin to wane.

Clinical signs are related to the organ effected:

Signs of gastrointestinal disease (Haemorrhagic Enteritis) include diarrhea, anorexia, melena and hematochezia. Anaemia and dehydration may develop secondary to this haemorrhagic enteritis. Signs of reproductive disease (Egg Drop Syndrome) include low egg production/hatching and the laying of abnormal eggs (size, shape, colour, texture). Adenovirus infection may infect other organs, causing a splenitis, inclusion body hepatitis, bronchitis, pulmonary congestion ventriculitis, pancreatitis, or oedema, depending on the species of bird infected.

Diagnosis of aviadenovirus is by histopathology, electron microscopy, viral isolation and ELISA. In addition, virus antigen can be detected double immunodiffusion. Postmortem examination may reveal a variety of clinical signs relating directly to the organ affected. Specifically, Egg Drop Syndrome can be diagnosed by hemagglutinin inhibition and the virus causes haemagglutination in chickens and ducks.

Treatment and control

Vaccines for HE and EDS are available (ATCvet codes: QI01AA05 for the inactivated vaccine, QI01AD05 for the live vaccine, plus various combinations). Disease incidence may be reduced by minimising stress levels, using appropriate hygiene measures and providing adequate nutrition.

Taxonomy

Currently, there are eight recognized species. The type species is Fowl adenovirus A.

Family Adenoviridae
- Genus Aviadenovirus
  - Species: Falcon adenovirus A, Fowl adenovirus A, Fowl adenovirus B, Fowl adenovirus C, Fowl adenovirus D, Fowl adenovirus E, Goose adenovirus A, Turkey adenovirus B

References

Avian Adenoviruses, reviewed and published by WikiVet at http://en.wikivet.net/Avian_Adenoviruses, accessed 18/08/2011.

External links

Viralzone: Adenovirus
Adenovirus Taxonomy 2005
Diagnosis of Adenovirus Infections in Psittacine Birds by DNA in situ Hybridization

UpToDate Contents

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1. アデノウイルス感染の疫学および臨床症状 epidemiology and clinical manifestations of adenovirus infection
2. アデノウイルス感染の診断、治療、および予防 diagnosis treatment and prevention of adenovirus infection
3. 成人におけるウイルス性胃腸炎の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of viral gastroenteritis in adults
4. アデノウイルスの病因およびベクター使用 adenovirus pathogenesis and vector applications
5. 新生児集中治療室における院内ウイルス感染症 nosocomial viral infections in the neonatal intensive care unit

English Journal

Transcriptomics profiling and steroid production in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) testes after treatment with 5α-dihydrotestosterone.

Feswick A1, Ings JS2, Doyle MA1, Bosker T3, Munkittrick KR1, Martyniuk CJ4.Author information 1Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada.2Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada; Current address: Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.3Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada; Current address: Leiden University College The Hague, Anna van Buerenplein 301, 2595 DG Den Haag, the Netherlands.4Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada. Electronic address: cmartyn@unb.ca.Abstract5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen in mammals with multiple roles; however the physiological actions of DHT in male fishes are not well known. To address this knowledge gap, male mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) were continuously exposed to 0, 5, and 50 μg/L DHT for 21 days. Following exposure, testes were separated for histology, ex vivo incubation to measure steroidogenic capacity, and gene expression analyses (real-time PCR and microarray). DHT significantly decreased ex vivo 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) production in males exposed to 50 μg/L DHT but not 5 μg/L DHT, and DHT exposure did not affect ex vivo testosterone production. Histological examination revealed that the amount of interlobular and connective tissue present in the testes was increased in the 50 μg/L DHT treatment. Despite reductions in the production of 11KT, DHT did not affect the expression of targeted genes in the steroidogenic pathway such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star), P450 side chain cleavage (cyp11a1) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (hsd11b3). Microarray analysis in the testis of individuals from control and 50 μg/L DHT revealed that males exposed to 50 μg/L DHT showed regulated transcriptional sub-networks that were related to immunity, regulation of blood flow, lipids and xenobiotic clearance, suggesting that DHT may be involved in the physiological regulation of these processes in the fish testis. A second objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of measuring mRNA levels in tissues used for ex vivo steroid production by comparing RNA integrity and transcript levels in testes of both immediately flash frozen tissue and incubated tissue. There was no significant difference in RNA quality between the two time points, indicating RNA integrity can remain intact for at least 18 hours in ex vivo assays, thereby providing a viable option for researchers assessing multi-level biological reproductive endpoints when limited tissue is available. While the gene expression levels of actb, efla, rps12, rps18, star, and hsd11b3 remained unchanged, esr2a (esrba), esr2b (esrbb) and cyp11a1 were significantly lower in incubated tissue compared to flash frozen tissue. Therefore caution must be used as the steady-state levels of select genes may change over time. This study improves our understanding of DHT action in the teleostean testis and generates new hypotheses regarding cell processes that are regulated by this underexplored and potent androgen.
General and comparative endocrinology.Gen Comp Endocrinol.2014 Jan 18. pii: S0016-6480(14)00012-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.01.003. [Epub ahead of print]
5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen in mammals with multiple roles; however the physiological actions of DHT in male fishes are not well known. To address this knowledge gap, male mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) were continuously exposed to 0, 5, and 50 μg/L DHT for 21 days. Follow
PMID 24447443

Whole-genome sequences of two turkey adenovirus types reveal the existence of two unknown lineages that merit the establishment of novel species within the genus Aviadenovirus.

Marek A, Ballmann MZ, Kosiol C, Harrach B, Schlötterer C, Hess M.Author information Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.AbstractThere are eight species established for aviadenoviruses: Fowl adenovirus A-E, Goose adenovirus A, Falcon adenovirus A and Turkey adenovirus B. The aim of this study was to sequence and analyse the complete genomes of turkey adenovirus 4 (TAdV-4) and TAdV-5 (strain 1277BT) in addition to almost two-thirds of the genome of another TAdV-5 strain (strain D1648). By applying next-generation sequencing, the full genomes were found to be 42 940 and 43 686 bp and the G+C content was 48.5 and 51.6 mol% for TAdV-4 and TAdV-5, respectively. One fiber gene was identified in TAdV-4, whereas two fiber genes were found in TAdV-5. The genome organization of TAdV-4 resembled that of fowl adenovirus 5 (FAdV-5), but it had ORF1C near the left end of the genome. TAdV-4 also had five 123 bp tandem repeats followed by five 33 bp tandem repeats, but they occurred before and not after ORF8, as in several fowl adenoviruses. The genome organization of TAdV-5 was almost the same as that of FAdV-1 but with a possible difference in the splicing pattern of ORF11 and ORF26. Phylogenetic analyses and G+C content showed differences that seem to merit the establishment of two new species within the genus Aviadenovirus: Turkey adenovirus C (for TAdV-4) and Turkey adenovirus D (for TAdV-5). Our analyses suggest a common evolutionary origin of TAdV-5 and FAdV-1.
The Journal of general virology.J Gen Virol.2014 Jan;95 Pt 1:156-70. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.057711-0. Epub 2013 Sep 28.
There are eight species established for aviadenoviruses: Fowl adenovirus A-E, Goose adenovirus A, Falcon adenovirus A and Turkey adenovirus B. The aim of this study was to sequence and analyse the complete genomes of turkey adenovirus 4 (TAdV-4) and TAdV-5 (strain 1277BT) in addition to almost two-t
PMID 24077297

Beta-defensin 2 enhances immunogenicity and protection of an adenovirus-based H5N1 influenza vaccine at an early time.

Vemula SV, Amen O, Katz JM, Donis R, Sambhara S, Mittal SK.Author information Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.AbstractReports of human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in many countries in Asia and Africa with varying case fatality rates highlight the pandemic potential of these viruses. In order to contain a rapidly spreading influenza virus in a pandemic scenario, a vaccine which can induce rapid and robust immune responses, preferably in a single dose, is necessary. Murine beta-defensin 2 (Mbd2), a small molecular weight protein expressed by epithelial cells, has been shown to enhance antigen-specific immune responses by recruiting and activating professional antigen presenting cells to the site of vaccination. This study assessed the potential of Mbd2 to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a human adenovirus (HAd)-based vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) [HAd-HA-NP] of an H5N1 influenza virus. A single inoculation of mice with both HAd-HA-NP and a HAd vector expressing Murine β-defensin 2 (HAd-Mbd2) resulted in significantly higher levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses compared to the groups vaccinated only with HAd-HA-NP. These responses were evident even at day 7 post-immunization. Furthermore, the HAd-HA-NP+HAd-Mbd2-immunized group receiving the lowest vector dose (2 × 10(7)+1 × 10(7)) was completely protected against an rgH5N1 virus challenge on day 7 post-vaccination. These results highlight the potential of Mbd2 as a genetic adjuvant in inducing rapid and robust immune responses to a HAd-based vaccine.
Virus research.Virus Res.2013 Dec 26;178(2):398-403. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.013. Epub 2013 Sep 17.
Reports of human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in many countries in Asia and Africa with varying case fatality rates highlight the pandemic potential of these viruses. In order to contain a rapidly spreading influenza virus in a pandemic scenario, a vaccine which can
PMID 24051000

Japanese Journal

Molecular Detection of Avian Pathogens in Poultry Red Mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) Collected in Chicken Farms

CHU Thi Thanh Huong,MURANO Takako,UNO Yukiko,USUI Tatsufumi,YAMAGUCHI Tsuyoshi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2014
… Poultry red mite (PRM, Dermanyssus gallinae) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite as well as a possible vector of several avian pathogens. … In this study, to define the role of PRM in the prevalence of avian infectious agents, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to check for the presence of seven pathogens: Avipox virus (APV), Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV), Marek's disease virus (MDV), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER), Salmonella enterica (SE), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). …
NAID 130004687316

グループIIトリアデノウイルス感染症 : 七面鳥の出血性腸炎, キジの大理石脾病, 鶏の巨脾症

渡邊理
鶏病研究会報 47(4), 250-258, 2012-02-25
グループIIトリアデノウイルス(AAVII)感染症は,地域特産物として飼育されているキジや肉用銘柄鶏,さらにはブロイラーや採卵鶏の種鶏において被害を及ぼす危険性があり,その動態が注目される。鶏病研究会の解説でその概要の一部が紹介されているが,AAVII感染症に対する理解を深めるために,F。W。Pierson and S。D。Fitzgeraldの解説(Diseases of Poultry12th …
NAID 10030166734

封入体肝炎由来トリアデノウイルス3株の卵黄嚢上皮細胞への感染

尾形透,佐々木淳,倉持好 [他],川崎武志,御領政信
日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 65(1), 37-41, 2012-01-20
1990年代後半に封入体肝炎(IBH)の原因として分離された3株のトリアデノウイルス(AAV)と2009年に分離され,卵黄嚢上皮細胞に親和性のあることが確認された1AAV株を,SPF初生鶏雛の大腿部に筋肉内接種した。全接種群で接種後3～7日に多くの雛が死亡した。組織学的には全接種群で,従来から認められてきた肝細胞,膵臓腺房細胞及び十二指腸粘膜上皮細胞に加えて,卵黄嚢上皮細胞に好塩基性核内封入体の形 …
NAID 10030556580