WordNet

existing as an independent entity; "the partitioning of India created two separate and autonomous jute economies"
(of political bodies) not controlled by outside forces; "an autonomous judiciary"; "a sovereign state" (同)independent, self-governing, sovereign
(of persons) free from external control and constraint in e.g. action and judgment (同)self-directed, self-reliant
(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion; "scientists will not believe an experimental result until they have seen at least one replication"
(law) a pleading made by a plaintiff in reply to the defendants plea or answer

PrepTutorEJDIC

自治の,自治権のある
写し,複写,複製 / 《文》(被告の訴答に対する)原告の訴答

UpToDate Contents

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1. 糖尿病性自律神経障害 diabetic autonomic neuropathy
2. 遺伝性感覚自律神経ニューロパチー hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies
3. 三叉神経・自律神経性頭痛の病態生理 pathophysiology of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias
4. 透析患者における自律神経機能不全 autonomic dysfunction in dialysis patients
5. 消化管の糖尿病性自律神経ニューロパチー diabetic autonomic neuropathy of the gastrointestinal tract

English Journal

Transcriptional regulation of the purine de novo synthesis gene Prat in Drosophila melanogaster.

Merzetti E, Hackett JM, Clark DV.SourceDepartment of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3. Electronic address: e.merzetti@mun.ca.
Gene.Gene.2013 Apr 15;518(2):280-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.024. Epub 2013 Jan 26.
The first step of the purine de novo synthesis pathway is catalyzed by amidophosphoribosyltransferase (E.C.2.4.2.14) which is encoded by two Prat genes in D. melanogaster, Prat and Prat2. Prat is a retrogene duplication of Prat2, where each gene has a distinct expression pattern. Prat transcription
PMID 23357222

HIF mediated and DNA damage independent histone H2AX phosphorylation in chronic hypoxia.

Wrann S, Kaufmann MR, Wirthner R, Stiehl DP, Wenger RH.AbstractAbstract The histone variant 2AX (H2AX) is phosphorylated at Serine 139 by the PI3K-like kinase family members ATM, ATR and DNA-PK. Genotoxic stress, such as tumor radio- and chemotherapy, is considered to be the main inducer of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), which forms distinct foci at sites of DNA damage where DNA repair factors accumulate. γH2AX accumulation under severe hypoxic/anoxic (0.02% oxygen) conditions has recently been reported to follow replication fork stalling in the absence of detectable DNA damage. In this study, we found HIF-dependent accumulation of γH2AX in several cancer cell lines and mouse embryonic fibroblasts exposed to physiologically relevant chronic hypoxia (0.2% oxygen), which did not induce detectable levels of DNA strand breaks. The hypoxic accumulation of γH2AX was delayed by the RNAi-mediated knockdown of HIF-1α or HIF-2α and further decreased when both HIF-αs were absent. Conversely, basal phosphorylation of H2AX was increased in cells with constitutively stabilized HIF-2α. These results suggest that both HIF-1 and HIF-2 are involved in γH2AX accumulation by tumor hypoxia, which might increase a cancer cell's capacity to repair DNA damage, contributing to tumor therapy resistance.
Biological chemistry.Biol Chem.2013 Apr 1;394(4):519-28. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0311.
Abstract The histone variant 2AX (H2AX) is phosphorylated at Serine 139 by the PI3K-like kinase family members ATM, ATR and DNA-PK. Genotoxic stress, such as tumor radio- and chemotherapy, is considered to be the main inducer of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), which forms distinct foci at sites of DNA
PMID 23241668

A novel method for the analysis of drug-resistant phenotypes of hepatitis B virus.

Qin B, He T, Chen Z, Xu W, Pan G, Tu C.SourceShaoxing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
International journal of molecular medicine.Int J Mol Med.2013 Apr;31(4):975-81. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1277. Epub 2013 Feb 11.
Chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucleoside analogs (NAs) are popularly used to treat chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections; however, the anti-HBV effect is attenuated by drug-resistant viral mutations selected during long-te
PMID 23403838