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tissue consisting of large stellate neuroglial cells (同)macroglia

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1. 脳卒中のための血液バイオマーカー blood biomarkers for stroke
2. 成人における多発性硬化症の診断 diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in adults

English Journal

A role for microglial cells in reshaping neuronal circuitry of the adult rat auditory brainstem after its sensory deafferentation.

Janz P, Illing RB.Author information Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.AbstractCochlear ablation triggers cellular and molecular reactions in the adult mammalian central auditory system, leading to complex rearrangements in the cellular networks of the auditory brainstem. The role of microglial cells in these processes is largely unknown. We analyzed morphological and molecular responses as well as cellular affiliations of microglia in the auditory brainstem 1 and 7 days after unilateral sensory deafferentation of the cochlear nucleus. In the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), morphological changes of microglial cells were evident following cochlear ablation. Microglial activation preceded astroglial hypertrophy in VCN and lateral superior olive (LSO). During axonal degeneration in VCN early after cochlear ablation, p-ERK1/2- and p-p38-immunoreactive microglia displayed a hypertrophied phenotype, with processes partially surrounding glutamatergic but not GABAergic synapses. During the peak of VCN reinnervation 1 week after cochlear ablation, the number of microglial cells increased massively. Microglia now displayed dense ramifications juxtaposed to Gap43-immunoreactive axons and their terminals. Moreover, we identified lesion-dependent changes in the populations of microglia and astrocytes in LSO and inferior colliculus. By covisualizing cytological markers such as NeuN, GFAP, CD11b, vGluT-1, GAD-65, and Gap43 with the prominent MAP kinases ERK1/2 and p38, we show that MAPK signaling is affected by sensory deafferentation in microglia but not in astroglia or in neurons. In conclusion, microglia displaying MAPK signaling appear to contribute to an adaptive response in central auditory regions that was directly or indirectly affected by sensory deafferentation. Moreover, microglial cells are temporally and spatially in place to participate in synaptogenesis inside VCN. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of neuroscience research.J Neurosci Res.2014 Apr;92(4):432-45. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23334. Epub 2014 Jan 20.
Cochlear ablation triggers cellular and molecular reactions in the adult mammalian central auditory system, leading to complex rearrangements in the cellular networks of the auditory brainstem. The role of microglial cells in these processes is largely unknown. We analyzed morphological and molecula
PMID 24446187

Adult hemiparkinsonian rats do not benefit from tactile stimulation.

Effenberg A1, Klein A1, Gibb R2, Carroll C2, Baumgärtner W3, Grothe C4, Ratzka A5.Author information 1Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.2Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.3Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.4Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.5Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: ratzka.andreas@mh-hannover.de.AbstractTactile stimulation (TS) applied to adult rats after cortical injury (medial frontal cortex aspiration or sensorimotor pial stripping stroke model) has been previously shown to ameliorate behavioral impairments and to improve morphological parameters like dendritic length of prefrontal cortical neurons (Gibb et al., 2010). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of TS on healthy and hemiparkinsonian adult rats. Therefore, the animals received TS for 14 days and 15min three times daily. At different time points rats were tested in various behavioral tests (amphetamine-induced rotation, cylinder test, staircase test). Finally, rats were sacrificed, their brains removed, and processed for Golgi-Cox analyses, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. We found that the striatal 6-OHDA lesion itself induced a long-term increase of astroglial Fgf2 transcript levels, but was not further increased by TS. In contrast TS applied to healthy rats elicited a transient short-term increase of Fgf2 in the striatum and Bdnf, Grin1, and Fgf2 in the hippocampus. Moreover, behavioral and histological analyses do not support a beneficial effect of TS for hemiparkinsonian rats, applied for two weeks starting one day after partial striatal 6-OHDA lesion.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Mar 15;261:97-105. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.011. Epub 2013 Dec 15.
Tactile stimulation (TS) applied to adult rats after cortical injury (medial frontal cortex aspiration or sensorimotor pial stripping stroke model) has been previously shown to ameliorate behavioral impairments and to improve morphological parameters like dendritic length of prefrontal cortical neur
PMID 24342749

Implantable controlled release devices for BMP-7 delivery and suppression of glioblastoma initiating cells.

Reguera-Nuñez E1, Roca C2, Hardy E3, de la Fuente M2, Csaba N2, Garcia-Fuentes M4.Author information 1Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Dept. Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Materials Science and Technology (IMRE), University of Havana, Cuba.2Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Dept. Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.3Institute of Materials Science and Technology (IMRE), University of Havana, Cuba.4Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Dept. Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Campus Vida, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: marcos.garcia@usc.es.AbstractDesigning therapeutic devices capable of manipulating glioblastoma initiating cells (GICs) is critical to stop tumor recurrence and its associated mortality. Previous studies have indicated that bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) acts as an endogenous suppressor of GICs, and thus, it could become a treatment for this cancer. In this work, we engineer an implantable microsphere system optimized for the controlled release of BMP-7 as a bioinspired therapeutic device against GICs. This microsphere delivery system is based on the formation of a heparin-BMP-7 nanocomplex, first coated with Tetronic(®) and further entrapped in a biodegradable polyester matrix. The obtained microspheres can efficiently encapsulate BMP-7, and release it in a controlled manner with minimum burst effect for over two months while maintaining protein bioactivity. Released BMP-7 showed a remarkable capacity to stop tumor formation in a GICs cell culture model, an effect that could be mediated by forced reprogramming of tumorigenic cells towards a non-tumorigenic astroglial lineage.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Mar;35(9):2859-67. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.001. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
Designing therapeutic devices capable of manipulating glioblastoma initiating cells (GICs) is critical to stop tumor recurrence and its associated mortality. Previous studies have indicated that bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) acts as an endogenous suppressor of GICs, and thus, it could become
PMID 24406213

Japanese Journal

Neonatal Maternal Separation Alters the Capacity of Adult Neural Precursor Cells to Differentiate into Neurons Via Methylation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Gene Promoter

Boku Shuken,Toda Hiroyuki,Nakagawa Shin,Kato Akiko,Inoue Takeshi,Koyama Tsukasa,Hiroi Noboru,Kusumi Ichiro
Biological psychiatry 77(4), 335-344, 2015-02-15
… RESULTS: NMS attenuated neural differentiation of adult neural precursor cells but had no detectible effect on proliferation, apoptosis, or astroglial differentiation. …
NAID 120005553679

ビタミンB群が担う脳内D-アミノ酸代謝システムの疾患酵素学研究(<特集>ビタミンB研究委員会平成25年度シンポジウム「ビタミンB群が担う脳内アミノ酸代謝と疾患をターゲットにした次世代学術研究-ビタミン研究が切り拓く疾患生命科学のフロンティア」)

福井清
ビタミン 88(10), 524-529, 2014-10-25
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavoenzyme that catalyses the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids. D-Serine, one of the physiological substrates for DAO, is an endogenous co-agonist for N-methyl D …
NAID 110009891164