WordNet

not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes
artificially formal; "that artificial humility that her husband hated"; "contrived coyness"; "a stilted letter of acknowledgment"; "when people try to correct their speech they develop a stilted pronunciation" (同)contrived, hokey, stilted
contrived by art rather than nature; "artificial flowers"; "artificial flavoring"; "an artificial diamond"; "artificial fibers"; "artificial sweeteners" (同)unreal

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1. 終末期の人工栄養および水分補給の停止 stopping artificial nutrition and hydration at the end of life
2. 中長期的な機械循環補助 intermediate and long term mechanical circulatory support
3. シェーグレン症候群における口内乾燥およびその他の非眼結膜炎症状の治療 treatment of dry mouth and other non ocular sicca symptoms in sjogrens syndrome
4. シェーグレン症候群によるドライアイの治療：一般原則および初回治療 treatment of dry eye in sjogrens syndrome general principles and initial therapy
5. ドライアイ dry eyes

Creation of an ethanol-tolerant yeast strain by genome reconstruction based on chromosome splitting technology.

Park AH, Sugiyama M, Harashima S, Kim YH.SourceDepartment of Biomaterial Control (BK 21 program), Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea.
Journal of microbiology and biotechnology.J Microbiol Biotechnol.2012 Feb;22(2):184-9.
We sought to breed an industrially useful yeast strain, specifically an ethanol-tolerant yeast strain that would be optimal for ethanol production, using a novel breeding method, called genome reconstruction, based on chromosome splitting technology. To induce genome reconstruction, Saccharomyces ce
PMID 22370347

Paulis M.SourceIstituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy. marianna.paulis@humanitas.it
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2011;738:57-67. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-099-7_4.
Intact chromosomes as well as chromosome fragments can be vehicled into various recipient cells without perturbing their ability to segregate as free elements; chromosome transfer can be performed both in cultured cells and in living animals. The method of choice to shuttle single chromosomes betwee
PMID 21431719

Naturally occurring minichromosome platforms in chromosome engineering: an overview.

Raimondi E.SourceDepartment of Genetics and Microbiology "A. Buzzati Traverso", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. raimondi@ipvgen.unipv.it
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2011;738:41-56. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-099-7_3.
Artificially modified chromosome vectors are non-integrating gene delivery platforms that can shuttle very large DNA fragments in various recipient cells: theoretically, no size limit exists for the chromosome segments that an engineered minichromosome can accommodate. Therefore, genetically manipul
PMID 21431718

Zhang Yunfang,Itaya Asuka,Fu Ping [他],Zheng Suqin,Hulm Jacquie,Blahut-Beatty Laureen,Marillia Elizabeth-France,Lindenbaum Michael,Fabijanski Steven,Simmonds Daina
Plant Biotechnology 30(5), 455-464, 2013
… The genetic locus can exist within an independent, fully functional "minichromosome" (MC) or as a segment of a modified host chromosome (termed Engineered Trait Locus or ETL). …
NAID 130003382502

Minichromosome Formation in Chlorella Cells Irradiated with Electron Beams(GENETICS,MOLECULAR BIOLOGY,AND GENE ENGINEERING)

Yamada Takashi,Fujimoto Yuhki,Yamamoto Yoshitaka [他],MACHIDA KEN-ICHI,ODA MINEHIRO,FUJIE MAKOTO,USAMI SHOJI,NAKAYAMA HIROSHI
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 95(6), 601-607, 2003-06-25
… These examples showed the complicated mechanisms involved in the minichromosome formation. … Moreover, they may serve as starting materials or a vector to generate artificial chromosomes carrying useful genes. …
NAID 110002665133

YAMADA TAKASHI,FUJIMOTO YUHKI,YAMAMOTO YOSHITAKA,MACHIDA KEN-ICHI,ODA MINEHIRO,FUJIE MAKOTO,USAMI SHOJI,NAKAYAMA HIROSHI
Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 95(6), 601-607, 2003
… These examples showed the complicated mechanisms involved in the minichromosome formation. … Moreover, they may serve as starting materials or a vector to generate artificial chromosomes carrying useful genes. …
NAID 130004145507