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Arterivirus is the only genus of viruses in the family Arteriviridae, which is within the order Nidovirales. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are currently four species in this genus including the type species Equine arteritis virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: EAV: vascular lesions, fever, edema, abortion. PRRSV: abortions and respiratory disease. SHFV: fever, edema, dehydration, hemorragies, death (almost 100%).^[1]^[2]

Taxonomy

Group: ssRNA(+)

Order: Nidovirales

Family: Arteriviridae
- Genus: Arterivirus
  Equine arteritis virus
  
  Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus
  
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
  
  Simian hemorrhagic fever virus

^[2]

Structure

Viruses in Arterivirus are enveloped, with spherical, Round, and Isometric geometries. The diameter is around 45-60 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 12-16kb in length.^[1]

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic Arrangement	Genomic Segmentation
Arterivirus	Spherical		Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Life Cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, and -1 ribosomal frameshifting. Vertebrates serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are transplancental, contact, urine, semen, air borne particles, and saliva.^[1]

Genus	Host Details	Tissue Tropism	Entry Details	Release Details	Replication Site	Assembly Site	Transmission
Arterivirus	Vertebrates	Lung macrophages; lymph nodes	Clathrin-mediated endocytosis	Budding	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Genital secretions; respiratory tract secretions

History

In 1996, the family Arteriviridae was included within the order Nidovirales. Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. The family includes equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). Three of these viruses were first discovered and characterized in the 1950/60s, whereas PRRSV was first isolated in Europe and in North America in the early 1990s. The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. However, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the infection caused by each virus is distinct, as are the diseases they cause.^[3]

Reorganisation

Because of the discovery of additional viruses a reorganisation of this genus has been proposed.^[4] These proposals abolish the genus Arterivirus and created the genera Dipartevirus, Equartevirus, Nesartevirus, Rodartevirus and Simartevirus.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ Balasuriya and Snijder (2008). "Arteriviruses". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
^ Kuhn JH, Lauck M, Bailey AL, Shchetinin AM, Vishnevskaya TV, Bào Y, Ng TF, LeBreton M, Schneider BS, Gillis A, Tamoufe U, Diffo JL, Takuo JM, Kondov NO, Coffey LL, Wolfe ND, Delwart E, Clawson AN, Postnikova E, Bollinger L, Lackemeyer MG, Radoshitzky SR, Palacios G, Wada J, Shevtsova ZV, Jahrling PB, Lapin BA, Deriabin PG, Dunowska M, Alkhovsky SV, Rogers J, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH, Goldberg TL (2015) Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae. Arch Virol

External links

Arterivirus at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
ICTVdb
Animal viruses
Viralzone: Arterivirus

UpToDate Contents

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1. エボラウイルス病の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease

English Journal

The nonstructural protein 11 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibits NF-κB signaling by means of its deubiquitinating activity.

Wang D1, Fan J1, Fang L1, Luo R1, Ouyang H1, Ouyang C1, Zhang H1, Chen H1, Li K2, Xiao S3.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2015 Sep 2. pii: S0161-5890(15)30060-2. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.08.011. [Epub ahead of print]
Since its emergence in the late 1980s, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has been devastating the swine industry worldwide. The causative agent is an Arterivirus, referred to as PRRS virus (PRRSV). The pathogenic mechanisms of PRRS are poorly understood, but are believed to correl
PMID 26342881

Discovery of an essential nucleotidylating activity associated with a newly delineated conserved domain in the RNA polymerase-containing protein of all nidoviruses.

Lehmann KC1, Gulyaeva A1, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC1, Janssen GM2, Ruben M3, Overkleeft HS3, van Veelen PA2, Samborskiy DV4, Kravchenko AA4, Leontovich AM4, Sidorov IA1, Snijder EJ1, Posthuma CC1, Gorbalenya AE5.
Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2015 Aug 24. pii: gkv838. [Epub ahead of print]
RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that catalyzes the synthesis of their RNA(s). In the case of positive-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the order Nidovirales, the RdRp resides in a replicase subunit that is unusually large. Bioinformatics analysis of this non-structural pro
PMID 26304538

Suppression of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus proliferation by glycyrrhizin.

Duan E1, Wang D2, Fang L2, Ma J2, Luo J2, Chen H2, Li K3, Xiao S4.
Antiviral research.Antiviral Res.2015 Aug;120:122-5. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.001. Epub 2015 Jun 6.
Glycyrrhizin is a natural component extracted from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. In this study, we investigated the antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an Arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide since t
PMID 26055123