WordNet

swim in or form a large group of fish; "A cluster of schooling fish was attracted to the bait"
the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session; "stay after school"; "he didnt miss a single day of school"; "when the school day was done we would walk home together" (同)schooltime, school_day
a building where young people receive education; "the school was built in 1932"; "he walked to school every morning" (同)schoolhouse
the process of being formally educated at a school; "what will you do when you finish school?" (同)schooling
a large group of fish; "a school of small glittering fish swam by" (同)shoal
a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers; "the Venetian school of painting"
an educational institution; "the school was founded in 1900"
an educational institutions faculty and students; "the school keeps parents informed"; "the whole school turned out for the game"
educate in or as if in a school; "The children are schooled at great cost to their parents in private institutions"
judge to be right or commendable; think well of
give sanction to; "I approve of his educational policies" (同)O.K., okay, sanction
the act of teaching at school
the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)
established by authority; given authoritative approval; "a list of approved candidates" (同)sanctioned

PrepTutorEJDIC

=reformatory
〈C〉(施設としての)『学校』 / 〈C〉(大学の)『学部』 / 〈C〉教習所,養成所,訓練所 / 〈C〉『校舎』,学校の建物 / 〈U〉《冠詞をつけないで》『授業』[『時間』]課業 / 〈U〉《冠詞をつけないで》学校教育,学業 / 《the~》《集合的に》全校生徒および教職員 / 〈C〉(学問・芸術などの)『派』,学派,流派 / 〈人〉‘を'教育する,‘に'教える / …‘を'しつける,訓練する
(魚・鯨などの)群れ《+『of』+『名』》
〈事〉'を'『よいと認める』,‘に'賛成する / (正式に)…'を'認可する,承認する / 《『approve of』+『名』(do『ing』)》(…を)承認する,賛成する
学校教育;教育

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/07 01:05:03」(JST)

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St. Peter's School in County Durham, converted to an Approved School after World War II.

Accommodation blocks near Dobroyd Castle, used when it was an Approved School.

Approved School is a term formerly used in the United Kingdom for a residential institution to which young people could be sent by a court, usually for committing offences but sometimes because they were deemed to be beyond parental control. It is similar to a reform school in the United States. They were modelled on ordinary boarding schools, from which it was relatively easy to abscond. This set them apart from borstals, a tougher and more enclosed kind of youth prison.

The term came into use in 1933 when Approved Schools were created out of the earlier "industrial" or "reformatory" schools.^[1] Following the Children and Young Persons Act 1969, they were replaced by Community Homes, with responsibility devolved to local councils; in Singapore, which by then was no longer under British rule, Approved Schools continued.^{[citation needed]}

UK regulations[edit]

Approved Schools were mostly run by voluntary bodies, under the overall supervision of the Home Office or the Scottish Education Department,^[2] and subject to the Approved School Rules 1933.^[3] The Home Office maintained a team of inspectors who visited each institution from time to time. In Scotland the Education Department made the appropriate arrangements for inspection and administration.

Offenders sent to approved schools, as well as receiving academic tuition, were assigned to work groups for such activities as building and bricklaying, metalwork, carpentry and gardening.^[4] Many approved schools were known for strict discipline, with corporal punishment used where necessary, generally a rather more severe version of the caning or strapping that was common in ordinary secondary schools.^[5] In particular, boys who absconded were usually given a maximum caning immediately on being returned to the school, and a 1971 statistical study found that this could be an effective deterrent.^[6]

In Scotland after 1961 only Heads of Schools were allowed to apply corporal punishment, using a strap. Each incident had to be recorded in the School's Punishment Book designating the offence and the part of the child's body. This would then be counter-signed by school medical officers during their weekly visit. Increases in the frequency of Home Leave and the introduction of a wider range of privileges offered scope for regimes without corporal punishment.^{[citation needed]}

Age groups[edit]

Approved schools were split into three age groups: Junior, Intermediate and Senior. Most were for boys; there was a small number of separate approved schools for girls.

Community homes[edit]

The term "approved school" officially ceased to exist in the UK in the early 1970s. In England and Wales, as a result of the Children and Young Persons Act 1969, responsibility for these institutions was devolved from central government to local councils and they were renamed "Community Homes".^[7]

In Scotland, after the Kilbrandon Report was published, its recommendations were incorporated in the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968, and with the introduction of Children's Hearings the administration for offending children continued to differ from that in England.

References[edit]

^ Children and Young Persons Act 1933, s.79 ff.
^ Fourth Schedule to the Children and Young Persons Act 1933, s.1.
^ Approved School Rules 1933 (Summary).
^ Memories of Hereward Approved School.
^ Approved School Rules 1933, rules 33-39.
^ Home Office Research Studies 12: Absconding from Approved Schools.
^ Davis, Ann (1981). The residential solution: state alternatives to family care. London: Tavistock Publications. ISBN 0-422-77320-4

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Discrimination of Japanese monosyllables in patients with high-frequency hearing loss.

Karino S1, Usami S2, Kumakawa K3, Takahashi H4, Tono T5, Naito Y6, Doi K7, Ito K8, Suzuki M9, Sakata H10, Takumi Y2, Iwasaki S11, Kakigi A12, Yamasoba T12.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2016 Jun;43(3):269-80. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.10.003. Epub 2015 Nov 19.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the difficulty of discriminating Japanese nonsense monosyllables in each of several grades of high-frequency hearing loss and to evaluate the limitations of amplification.METHODS: We collected retrospective data on the discrimination of Japanese nonsense monosyllables by patien
PMID 26607067

Vincristine Sulfate Liposomes Injection (VSLI, Marqibo®): Results From a Phase I Study in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Refractory Solid Tumors or Leukemias.

Shah NN1, Merchant MS1, Cole DE1, Jayaprakash N1, Bernstein D1, Delbrook C1, Richards K1, Widemann BC1, Wayne AS1,2.
Pediatric blood & cancer.Pediatr Blood Cancer.2016 Jun;63(6):997-1005. doi: 10.1002/pbc.25937. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
BACKGROUND: Vincristine sulfate liposome injection (VSLI; Marqibo®) is an encapsulated preparation of standard vincristine in sphingomyelin/cholesterol liposomes. Clinical trials in adults have demonstrated safety, tolerability, and activity, leading to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval f
PMID 26891067

Cannabinoids: Medical implications.

Schrot RJ1,2, Hubbard JR3,4.
Annals of medicine.Ann Med.2016 May;48(3):128-41. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2016.1145794. Epub 2016 Feb 25.
Herbal cannabis has been used for thousands of years for medical purposes. With elucidation of the chemical structures of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) and with discovery of the human endocannabinoid system, the medical usefulness of cannabinoids has been more intensively explored
PMID 26912385

Japanese Journal

Religion as Non-religion: The Place of Chinese Temples in Phuket, Southern Thailand(<Special Issue>De-institutionalizing Religion in Southeast Asia)

片岡樹
Southeast Asian Studies 1(3), 461-485, 2012-12-31
… Becausethe Chinese temples are placed outside the state protection of "religion," they arenot institutionalized as belonging to any state-approved religion. …
NAID 110009494989

公立朝鮮人学校の開設 : 戦後在日朝鮮人教育に対する公費支出の一様態

マキー智子
日本の教育史学 : 教育史学会紀要 55, 45-57, 2012-10-01
… This paper not only reveals the conditions of the establishment of municipal Korean schools (school name, location, period of existence), it also shows the legal framework that made it possible to establish these schools. … In 1948, the Ministry of Education declared that all school age Korean children must attend schools prescribed by Article 1 of the School Education Law. …
NAID 110009518269

東京市の公立小学校における学校園の展開

田中千賀子
日本の教育史学 : 教育史学会紀要 55, 32-44, 2012-10-01
… Through a consideration of the connection between gakkoen (school gardens) and reconstruction plans that included small public parks following the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, this paper reveals how gakkoen became a necessary component of Tokyo City elementary education. … Previous research determined that a compromise was reached between park management disaster relief provisions and the education demands for the expansion of school grounds. …
NAID 110009518268

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