WordNet

(of exocrine glands) producing a secretion in which part of the secreting cell is released with the secretion; "mothers milk is one apocrine secretion"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/22 10:08:39」(JST)

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Exocrine Secretion

Merocrine or eccrine – by exocytosis

Apocrine – by membrane budding (loss of cytoplasm)

Holocrine – by membrane rupture

Apocrine secretion

Apocrine gland

Apocrine is a term used to classify exocrine glands in the study of histology. Cells which are classified as apocrine bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen. The apical portion of the secretory cell of the gland pinches off and enters the lumen. It loses part of its cytoplasm in their secretions. Apocrine glands are found primarily in the breast of lactating mammals (i.e. the mammary glands are apocrine glands).

Secretion occurs when the release of secretory materials is accompanied with loss of part of cytoplasm. Apocrine secretion is less damaging to the gland than holocrine secretion (which destroys a cell) but more damaging than merocrine secretion (exocytosis). An example of true apocrine glands is the mammary glands, responsible for secreting breast milk.^[1]

Apocrine metaplasia

Micrograph showing apocrine metaplasia of the breast. H&E stain.

Apocrine metaplasia is a reversible transformation of cells to an apocrine phenotype. It is common in the breast in the context of fibrocystic change. It is seen in women mostly over the age of 50 years. Metaplasia happens when there is an irritation to the breast (breast cyst). Apocrine-like cells form in a lining of developing microcysts, due to the pressure buildup within the lumen. The pressure build up is caused by secretions.^[2] This type of metaplasia represents an exception to the common rule of metaplasia increasing the risk for developing cancer; apocrine metaplasia doesn't increase at all the possibility of getting breast cancer.

Apocrine carcinoma

Apocrine carcinoma is a very rare form of female breast cancer. The rate of incidence varies from 0.5 to 4%.^[3] Cytologically, the cells of apocrine carcinoma are relatively large, granular, and it has a prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm.^[4] When apocrine carcinoma is tested as a “triple negative”, it means that the cells of the patient cannot express the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or HER2 receptor.^[5]

References

^ Mescher AL, "Chapter 4. Epithelial Tissue" (Chapter). Mescher AL: Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas, 12e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6180489.
^ Dr Ayush Goel and Radswiki et al. Apocrine metaplasia of the breast.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/apocrine-metaplasia-of-the-breast
^ Khandeparkar, Siddhi Gaurish Sinai, Sanjay D. Deshmukh, and Pallavi D. Bhayekar. "A rare case of apocrine carcinoma of the breast: Cytopathological and immunohistopathological study." Journal of Cytology/Indian Academy of Cytologists 31.2 (2014): 96.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2000-03-12. Retrieved 2014-11-03. (accessed November 3, 2014)
^ http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/kimmel_cancer_center/centers/breast_cancer_program/rare_tumors/apocrine_breast_cancer (accessed October 28, 2014)

External links

Diagram at uwa.edu.au

UpToDate Contents

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1. 臭汗症 bromhidrosis
2. フォックス・フォアダイス病（アポクリン汗疹） fox fordyce disease apocrine miliaria
3. 原発性局所多汗症 primary focal hyperhidrosis
4. 原発不明の腺癌 adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site
5. 色汗症 chromhidrosis

English Journal

Epigenetic regulation of CFTR in salivary gland.

Shin YH1, Lee SW1, Kim M1, Choi SY1, Cong X2, Yu GY2, Park K3.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2016 Dec 2;481(1-2):31-37. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.023. Epub 2016 Nov 8.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) plays a key role in exocrine secretion, including salivary glands. However, its functional expression in salivary glands has not been rigorously studied. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern and regulatory mechanism of CFTR
PMID 27833020

Epigenetic Signatures of Salivary Gland Inflammation in Sjögren's Syndrome.

Cole MB1, Quach H1, Quach D1, Baker A1, Taylor KE2, Barcellos LF1, Criswell LA2.
Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.).Arthritis Rheumatol.2016 Dec;68(12):2936-2944. doi: 10.1002/art.39792.
OBJECTIVE: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a complex multisystem autoimmune disease that results in progressive destruction of the exocrine glands. The purpose of this study was to characterize epigenetic changes in affected gland tissue and describe the relationship of these changes to known inflammato
PMID 27332624

Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities.

Ehrmann C1, Schneider MR2.
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS.Cell Mol Life Sci.2016 Dec;73(24):4623-4642. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body
PMID 27457558