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any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response

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抗体,免疫体,抗毒素

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/22 03:48:27」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Thyroxine-binding globulin, a carrier protein responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones in the blood.

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Thyroglobulin protein accounts for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland.^[1]

Each thyroglobulin molecule contains approximately 100-120 tyrosyl (Tyrosine) residues. However, because only a small number (>20) of these tyrosine residues are subject to iodination by thyroperoxidase in the follicular colloid, each Tg molecule is only able to form very small amounts of thyroid hormone (5-6 molecules of either T4 and T3).^[1]

Function

Thyroid hormone synthesis, this image traces thyroglobulin from production within the rough endoplasmic reticulum until proteolytic release of the thyroid hormones.

Tg is used by the thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The active form of triiodothyronine, 3, 5, 3' triiodothyronine, is produced both within the thyroid gland and in the periphery by 5'-deiodinase (which has been referred to as tetraiodothyronine 5' deiodinase). It is presumed that Tg and thyroid are also an important storage of iodine for all body needs, in particular, for many iodine-concentrating organs such as breast, stomach, salivary glands, thymus, choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid, etc.^[2] (see iodine in biology).

Tg is produced by the thyroid epithelial cells, called thyrocytes, which form spherical follicles. Tg is secreted and stored in the follicular lumen.

Via a reaction with the enzyme thyroperoxidase, iodine is covalently bound to tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin molecules, forming monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT).

Thyroxine is produced by combining two moieties of DIT.
Triiodothyronine is produced by combining one molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT.

Small globules of the follicular colloid (Tg) are endocytosed (hormone (TSH)-mediated) and proteases in lysosomes digest iodinated thyroglobulin, releasing T3 and T4 within the thyrocyte cytoplasm. The T3 and T4 are then transported across (TSH-mediated) the basolateral thyrocyte membrane, into the bloodstream, by an unknown mechanism while the lysosome is recycled back to the follicular lumen.

Clinical significance

Thyroglobulin levels in the blood are mainly used as a tumor marker^[3] for certain kinds of thyroid cancer (particularly papillary or follicular thyroid cancer). Thyroglobulin is not produced by medullary or anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

Circulating thyroglobulin has a half-life of 65 hours. Following thyroidectomy, it may take many weeks before thyroglobulin levels become undetectable. After thyroglobulin levels become undetectable following thyroidectomy, levels can be serially monitored. A subsequent elevation of the thyroglobulin level is an indication of recurrence of papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma.

Metabolism of thyroglobulin occurs in the liver and via thyroid gland recycling of the protein.

Tg antibodies

In the clinical laboratory, thyroglobulin testing can be complicated by the presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (ATA), frequently referred to as TgAb. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies are present in 1 in 10 normal individuals and a greater percentage of patients with thyroid carcinoma. The presence of these antibodies can result in falsely low (or rarely falsely high) levels on thyroglobulin testing. This problem can be somewhat circumvented by testing for the presence of anti-thryroglobulin antibodies. In patients with anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, a better strategy is to not rely on any single lab result but instead to follow serial quantitative measurements. This can help a clinician/clinical pathologist interpret a test and manage patient care, even with the presence of the confounding factor of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies.

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies are often found in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease. These antibodies are of limited use in the diagnosis of these diseases, since they may also be present in healthy euthyroid individuals. Anti-Tg antibodies are also found in patients with Hashimoto's encephalopathy, a neuroendocrine disorder related to - but not caused by - Hashimoto's thyroiditis.^[4]

Interactions

Thyroglobulin has been shown to interact with Binding immunoglobulin protein.^[5]^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Boron WF (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
^ Venturi S, Donati FM, Venturi A, Venturi M (August 2000). "Environmental iodine deficiency: A challenge to the evolution of terrestrial life?". Thyroid 10 (8): 727–9. doi:10.1089/10507250050137851. PMID 11014322.
^ "ACS :: Tumor Markers". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
^ Ferracci F, Moretto G, Candeago RM, Cimini N, Conte F, Gentile M, Papa N, Carnevale A (February 2003). "Antithyroid antibodies in the CSF: their role in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's encephalopathy". Neurology 60 (4): 712–4. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000048660.71390.c6. PMID 12601119.
^ Delom F, Mallet B, Carayon P, Lejeune PJ (June 2001). "Role of extracellular molecular chaperones in the folding of oxidized proteins. Refolding of colloidal thyroglobulin by protein disulfide isomerase and immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (24): 21337–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101086200. PMID 11294872.
^ Delom F, Lejeune PJ, Vinet L, Carayon P, Mallet B (February 1999). "Involvement of oxidative reactions and extracellular protein chaperones in the rescue of misassembled thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255 (2): 438–43. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0229. PMID 10049727.

External links

Thyroglobulin - Lab Tests Online
Histology at KUMC endo-endo11
Overview at colostate.edu
Histology image: 14302loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University

UpToDate Contents

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1. 分化型甲状腺癌：血清サイログロブリンの役割 differentiated thyroid cancer role of serum thyroglobulin
2. 橋本病（慢性自己免疫性甲状腺炎）の病因 pathogenesis of hashimotos thyroiditis chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
3. 分化型甲状腺癌：マネージメントの概要 differentiated thyroid cancer overview of management
4. 橋本脳症 hashimoto encephalopathy
5. 甲状腺機能低下症の原因となる疾患 disorders that cause hypothyroidism

English Journal

Association of moyamoya disease with thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function: a case-control study and meta-analysis.

Lei C1, Wu B, Ma Z, Zhang S, Liu M.
European journal of neurology : the official journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies.Eur J Neurol.2014 Jul;21(7):996-1001. doi: 10.1111/ene.12425. Epub 2014 Mar 29.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Evidence suggests that elevated thyroid function and elevated levels of thyroid autoantibodies are associated with risk of moyamoya disease (MMD). Therefore a meta-analysis of all available evidence was performed, including unpublished data from our own center, in order to as
PMID 24684272

Identifying predictors of a difficult thyroidectomy.

Mok VM1, Oltmann SC1, Chen H1, Sippel RS1, Schneider DF2.
The Journal of surgical research.J Surg Res.2014 Jul;190(1):157-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.034. Epub 2014 Mar 19.
BACKGROUND: A Thyroidectomy Difficulty Scale (TDS) was previously developed that identified more difficult operations, which correlated with longer operative times and higher complication rates. The purpose of this study was to identify preoperative variables predictive of a more difficult thyroidec
PMID 24750986

Assessment of Thyroid Disorders and Autoimmunity in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases.

Acay A, Ulu MS, Ahsen A, Eroglu S, Ozuguz U, Yuksel S, Acarturk G1.
Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets.Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets.2014 Jun 26. [Epub ahead of print]
We investigated whether there was a significant increase in thyroid autoimmunity, and disorders in patients with rheumatic diseases (RDs). We enrolled 201 patients with RDs (41 with ankylosing spondylitis, 15 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 80 with rheumatoid arthritis [RA], 65 with familial Medi
PMID 24965722

Japanese Journal

C型慢性肝炎に対するインターフェロン治療による甲状腺機能障害と抗甲状腺自己抗体に関する検討

森下祐子,宮瀬志保,原岡克樹 [他],大内田義博,藤山重俊,佐々木裕
肝臓 54(4), 298-300, 2013
… Prevalence of antithyroglobulin (TgAb) and antiperoxidase (TPOAb) antibodies before therapy was 10.8% and 9.4%, respectively. … The remaining 2 patients exhibited signs of hyperthyroidism and neither antibody was detected. …
NAID 130003368681

Expression of immunoregulatory molecules by thyrocytes protects nonobese diabetic-H2h4 mice from developing autoimmune thyroiditis.

Nakahara Mami,Nagayama Yuji,Saitoh Ohki,Sogawa Rintaro,Tone Shigenobu,Abiru Norio
Endocrinology 150(3), 1545-1551, 2009-03
… After 8 wk NaI provision, the extent of thyroiditis, serum titers of antithyroglobulin antibodies, and cytokine expression in the spleen were examined. … However, antithyroglobulin antibody titers and expression levels of cytokines (interferon-gamma and IL-4) in the spleen remained unaltered. …
NAID 120002023226

Comparison of 1 mg and 2 mg Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Tests for the Screening of Cushing's Syndrome in Obese Patients

Sahin Mustafa,Kebapcilar Levent,Taslipinar Abdullah,Azal Omer,Ozgurtas Taner,Corakci Ahmet,Akgul Emin Ozgur,Yavuz Taslipinar Mine,Yazici Mahmut,Kutlu Mustafa
Internal Medicine 48(1), 33-39, 2009
… Measurements Thyroid function tests, lipid profiles, homocysteine, antithyroglobulin, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody levels, vitamin B12, folate levels, insulin resistance [by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)] and 1.0 mg postdexamethasone (postdex) suppression cortisol levels were measured. …
NAID 130000080000

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「抗サイログロブリン抗体」「抗チログロブリン抗体」

「抗サイログロブリン抗体」

Thyroglobulin
	PDB rendering based on 1poz.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1POZ, 1UUH, 2I83
Identifiers
Symbols	TG ; AITD3; TGN
External IDs	OMIM: 188450 MGI: 88338 HomoloGene: 2430 GeneCards: TG Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• hormone activity; • protein complex binding; • protein homodimerization activity; • anion binding; • chaperone binding; • carboxylic ester hydrolase activity;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space; • endoplasmic reticulum; • Golgi apparatus; • protein complex; • perinuclear region of cytoplasm;
Biological process	• signal transduction; • response to pH; • iodide transport; • thyroid gland development; • regulation of myelination; • response to lipopolysaccharide; • thyroid hormone metabolic process; • hormone biosynthetic process; • transcytosis;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	v; t; e;

　　[★]

英: antithyroglobulin antibody, anti-thyroglobulin antibody
関: サイログロブリン

自己免疫疾患のグレーブス病と橋本病で高値を示す。

同: TgAb

「抗チログロブリン抗体」

　　[★]

英: antithyroglobulin antibody
関: 抗サイログロブリン抗体

[Boron-1] Boron WF (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.

[pmid11014322-2] Venturi S, Donati FM, Venturi A, Venturi M (August 2000). "Environmental iodine deficiency: A challenge to the evolution of terrestrial life?". Thyroid 10 (8): 727–9. doi:10.1089/10507250050137851. PMID 11014322.

[urlACS_::_Tumor_Markers-3] "ACS :: Tumor Markers". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 2009-03-28.

[pmid12601119-4] Ferracci F, Moretto G, Candeago RM, Cimini N, Conte F, Gentile M, Papa N, Carnevale A (February 2003). "Antithyroid antibodies in the CSF: their role in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's encephalopathy". Neurology 60 (4): 712–4. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000048660.71390.c6. PMID 12601119.

[pmid11294872-5] Delom F, Mallet B, Carayon P, Lejeune PJ (June 2001). "Role of extracellular molecular chaperones in the folding of oxidized proteins. Refolding of colloidal thyroglobulin by protein disulfide isomerase and immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (24): 21337–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101086200. PMID 11294872.

[pmid10049727-6] Delom F, Lejeune PJ, Vinet L, Carayon P, Mallet B (February 1999). "Involvement of oxidative reactions and extracellular protein chaperones in the rescue of misassembled thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255 (2): 438–43. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0229. PMID 10049727.

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antithyroglobulin antibody