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Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaClO. It is composed of a sodium cation (Na+
) and a hypochlorite anion (ClO−
); it may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. When dissolved in water it is commonly known as bleach, or liquid bleach.^[1] It should not be referred to as liquid chlorine. Liquid chlorine is elemental chlorine, which only exists as a liquid below -34 deg. C at atmospheric pressure. Elemental chlorine is a gas at room temperature and has very different chemical properties from sodium hypochlorite. ^[2] Sodium hypochlorite is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent.

§Uses

§Bleaching

Household bleach is, in general, a solution containing 3–8% sodium hypochlorite and 0.01–0.05% sodium hydroxide; the sodium hydroxide is used to slow the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate.^[3]

In household form, sodium hypochlorite is used for removal of stains from laundry. It is particularly effective on cotton fiber, which stains easily but bleaches well. Usually 50 to 250 mL of bleach per load is recommended for a standard-size washer. The properties of household bleach that make it effective for removing stains also result in cumulative damage to organic fibers, such as cotton, and the useful lifespan of these materials will be shortened with regular bleaching. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) that is also found in household bleach (as noted later) causes fiber degradation as well. It is not volatile, and residual amounts of NaOH not rinsed out will continue slowly degrading organic fibers in the presence of humidity. For these reasons, if stains are localized, spot treatments should be considered whenever possible. With safety precautions, post-treatment with vinegar (or another weak acid) will neutralize the NaOH, and volatilize the chlorine from residual hypochlorite. Old T-shirts and cotton sheets that rip easily demonstrate the costs of laundering with household bleach. Hot water increases the effectiveness of the bleach, owing to the increased reactivity of the molecules.

§Stain removal

Sodium hypochlorite has destaining properties.^[4] Among other applications, it can be used to remove mold stains, dental stains caused by fluorosis,^[5] and stains on crockery, especially those caused by the tannins in tea.

§Disinfection

A weak solution of 2% household bleach in warm water is used to sanitize smooth surfaces prior to brewing of beer or wine. Surfaces must be rinsed to avoid imparting flavors to the brew; the chlorinated byproducts of sanitizing surfaces are also harmful. The mode of disinfectant action of sodium hypochlorite is similar to that of hypochlorous acid.

US Government regulations (21 CFR Part 178) allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water). If higher concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after sanitizing.

A 1-in-5 dilution of household bleach with water (1 part bleach to 4 parts water) is effective against many bacteria and some viruses, and is often the disinfectant of choice in cleaning surfaces in hospitals (primarily in the United States). The solution is corrosive and needs to be thoroughly removed afterwards, so the bleach disinfection is sometimes followed by an ethanol disinfection. Liquids containing sodium hypochlorite as the main active component are also used for household cleaning and disinfection, for example toilet cleaners.^[6] Some cleaners are formulated to be thick so as not to drain quickly from vertical surfaces, such as the inside of a toilet bowl.

§Deodorising

Sodium hypochlorite has deodorising properties^[4]

§Water treatment

In drinking water systems, swimming pools, etc., sodium hypochlorite is widely used for chlorination. Hypochlorites are an alternative to chlorine gas, which is difficult to handle in many contexts. Also, accidents involving chlorine gas are more serious than accidents involving hypochlorites.^{[citation needed]} Chlorination usually produces small quantities of harmful byproducts. Hypochlorites are very similar to chlorine gas in this regard.

Sodium hypochlorite solutions have been used to treat dilute cyanide wastewater, such as electroplating wastes. In batch treatment operations, sodium hypochlorite has been used to treat more concentrated cyanide wastes, such as silver cyanide plating solutions. Toxic cyanide is oxidized to cyanate (OCN⁻) that is not toxic, idealized as follows:

CN⁻ + OCl⁻ → OCN⁻ + Cl⁻

Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a biocide in industrial applications to control slime and bacteria formation in water systems used at power plants, pulp and paper mills, etc. in solutions typically of 10–15% by weight.

§Endodontics

Sodium hypochlorite is now used in endodontics during root canal treatments. It is the medicament of choice due to its efficacy against pathogenic organisms and pulp digestion. In previous times, Henry Drysdale Dakin's solution (0.5%) had been used. Its concentration for use in endodontics today varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. At low concentrations it will dissolve mainly necrotic tissue; whereas at higher concentrations tissue dissolution is better but it also dissolves vital tissue, a generally undesirable effect. It has been shown that clinical effectiveness does not increase conclusively for concentrations higher than 1%.^[7]

§Nerve agent neutralization

At the various nerve agent (chemical warfare nerve gas) destruction facilities throughout the United States, 50% sodium hypochlorite is used as a means of removing all traces of nerve agent or blister agent from Personal Protection Equipment after an entry is made by personnel into toxic areas. 50% sodium hypochlorite is also used to neutralize any accidental releases of nerve agent in the toxic areas. Lesser concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are used in similar fashion in the Pollution Abatement System to ensure that no nerve agent is released in furnace flue gas.

§Reduction of skin damage

Dilute bleach baths have been used for decades to treat moderate to severe eczema in humans,^[8]^[9] but it has not been clear why they work. According to work published by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine in November 2013, a very dilute (0.005%) solution of sodium hypochlorite in water was successful in treating skin damage with an inflammatory component caused by radiation therapy, excess sun exposure or aging in laboratory mice. Mice with radiation dermatitis given daily 30-minute baths in bleach solution experienced less severe skin damage and better healing and hair regrowth than animals bathed in water. A molecule called nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) is known to play a critical role in inflammation, ageing and response to radiation. The researchers found that if NF-kB activity was blocked in elderly mice by bathing them in bleach solution, the animals' skin began to look younger, going from old and fragile to thicker, with increased cell proliferation. The effect diminished after the baths were stopped, indicating that regular exposure was necessary to maintain skin thickness.^[8]^[10]

§Safety

Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer. Oxidation reactions are corrosive, solutions burn skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. However, as recognized by the NFPA, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers. Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000).

Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. For example, mixing an acid cleaner with sodium hypochlorite bleach generates chlorine gas. Mixing with ammonia solutions (including urine) produces chloramines. Mixtures of other cleaning agents and or organic matter can result in a gaseous reaction that can cause acute lung injury.^[11]

NH₄OH + NaClO → NaOH + NH₂Cl + H₂O

Both chlorine gas and chloramine gas are toxic. Bleach can react violently with hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen gas:

H₂O₂(aq) + NaClO(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + O₂(g)

It is estimated that there are about 3300 accidents needing hospital treatment caused by sodium hypochlorite solutions each year in British homes (RoSPA, 2002).

Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are typically stabilized by a significant concentration of lye (caustic soda, NaOH) as part of the manufacturing reaction. Skin contact will produce caustic irritation or burns due to defatting and saponification of skin oils and destruction of tissue. The slippery feel of bleach on skin is due to this process. Trichloramine, the gas that is in swimming pools can cause atopic asthma.^[11]^{[verification needed]}

A recent European study indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g., surfactants, fragrances) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs).^[12] These chlorinated compounds are emitted during cleaning applications, some of which are toxic and probable human carcinogens. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8–52 times for chloroform and 1–1170 times for carbon tetrachloride, respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach containing products. The increase in chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations was the lowest for plain bleach and the highest for the products in the form of “thick liquid and gel”. The significant increases observed in indoor air concentrations of several chlorinated VOCs (especially carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) indicate that the bleach use may be a source that could be important in terms of inhalation exposure to these compounds. The authors suggested that using these cleaning products may significantly increase the cancer risk.^[12]

Chlorination of drinking water can oxidize organic contaminants, producing chloroform and other trihalomethanes, which are carcinogenic, and many hundreds of possible disinfection by-products, the vast majority of which are not monitored.^{[citation needed]}

One major concern arising from sodium hypochlorite use is that it tends to form chlorinated organic compounds; this can occur during household storage and use as well during industrial use.^[3] For example, when household bleach and wastewater were mixed, 1–2% of the available chlorine was observed to form organic compounds.^[3] As of 1994, not all the byproducts had been identified, but identified compounds include chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.^[3] The estimated exposure to these chemicals from use is estimated to be within occupational exposure limits.^[3]

§Production

Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory on the quay Javel in Paris, France, by passing chlorine gas through a solution of potash lye. The resulting liquid, known as "Eau de Javel" ("Javel water"), was a weak solution of potassium hypochlorite. Antoine Labarraque replaced potash lye by the cheaper soda lye, thus obtaining sodium hypochlorite (Eau de Labarraque).^[13] However, this process was not very efficient, and alternative production methods were sought. One such method involved the extraction of chlorinated lime (known as bleaching powder) with sodium carbonate to yield low levels of available chlorine. This method was commonly used to produce hypochlorite solutions for use as a hospital antiseptic that was sold after World War I under the names "Eusol", an abbreviation for Edinburgh University solution – a reference to the university's pathology department, where it was developed^[14] – and "Dakin's Solution". The UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in October 2008 recommended the preparation should not be used in routine wound care. ^[15]

Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented the chloralkali process: a method of producing sodium hypochlorite involving the electrolysis of brine to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas, which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite.^[16]^{[unreliable source?]} Both electric power and brine solution were in cheap supply at the time, and various enterprising marketers took advantage of the situation to satisfy the market's demand for sodium hypochlorite. Bottled solutions of sodium hypochlorite were sold under numerous trade names.

Today, an improved version of this method, known as the Hooker process (named after Hooker Chemicals, acquired by Occidental Petroleum), is the only large scale industrial method of sodium hypochlorite production. In the process, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and sodium chloride (NaCl) are formed when chlorine is passed into cold and dilute sodium hydroxide solution. It is prepared industrially by electrolysis with minimal separation between the anode and the cathode. The solution must be kept below 40 °C (by cooling coils) to prevent the undesired formation of sodium chlorate.

Cl₂ + 2 NaOH → NaCl + NaClO + H₂O

Hence, chlorine is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; this process is known as disproportionation.

Commercial solutions always contain significant amounts of sodium chloride (common salt) as the main by-product, as seen in the equation above.

§Packaging and sale

Like many hypochlorites,^{[citation needed]} anhydrous NaClO obtained by desiccation of the pentahydrate will decompose violently on heating or friction,^[17] however, it is more stable in cold dilute solutions.

Household bleach sold for use in laundering clothes is a 3–8% solution of sodium hypochlorite at the time of manufacture. Strength varies from one formulation to another and gradually decreases with long storage.

A 10–25% solution of sodium hypochlorite is, according to Univar's safety sheet, supplied with synonyms or trade names bleach, Hypo, Everchlor, Chloros, Hispec, Bridos, Bleacol, or Vo-redox 9110.^[18]

A 12% solution is widely used in waterworks for the chlorination of water, and a 15% solution is more commonly^[19] used for disinfection of waste water in treatment plants. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used for point-of-use disinfection of drinking water.^[20]

Dilute solutions (50 ppm to 1.5%) are found in disinfecting sprays and wipes used on hard surfaces.^[21]^[22]

§Reactions

Sodium hypochlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid to release chlorine gas:

NaClO + 2 HCl → Cl₂ + H₂O + NaCl

It reacts with other acids, such as acetic acid, to release hypochlorous acid:

NaClO + CH₃COOH → HClO + CH₃COONa

It decomposes when heated to form sodium chlorate and sodium chloride:

3 NaClO → NaClO₃ + 2 NaCl

In reaction with hydrogen peroxide it gives off molecular oxygen:

NaClO + H₂O₂ → H₂O + NaCl + O₂↑

When dissolved in water it slowly decomposes, releasing sodium and chloride ions, and hydroxyl radicals:

NaClO + H₂O → Na⁺ + Cl⁻ + 2 HO•

Those hydroxyl radicals can oxidize organic compounds or self-react to form water and oxygen

R-CH₂-OH + 4 HO• → R-COOH + 3 H₂O

4 HO• → 2 H₂O + O₂(dissolved or gas)

In commercial NaOCl solutions, the following species are in equilibrium:^[23]

HOCl ↔ H⁺ + OCl⁻

HOCl + Cl⁻ + H⁺ ↔ Cl₂ + H₂O

The ratio of Cl₂ : HOCl : OCl⁻ is pH dependent.^[24] The above equations show that the "byproduct" Cl⁻ ions (from the NaCl) play a rarely mentioned role, without them there would be no available chlorine in the solution.

Sodium hypochlorite reacts with most nitrogen compounds to form volatile chloramines, dichloramines, and nitrogen trichloride:

NH₃ + NaOCl → NH₂Cl + NaOH

NH₂Cl+ NaOCl → NHCl₂ + NaOH

NHCl₂ + NaOCl → NCl₃ + NaOH

In the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst, alcohols are oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl compound.^[25]

Heterogeneous reactions of sodium hypochlorite and metals such as zinc proceed slowly to give the metal oxide or hydroxide:

NaClO + Zn → ZnO + NaCl

Homogeneous reactions with metal coordination complexes proceed somewhat faster. This has been exploited in the Jacobsen epoxidation.

§Neutralization

Sodium thiosulfate is an effective chlorine neutralizer. Rinsing with a 5 mg/L solution, followed by washing with soap and water, quickly removes chlorine odor from the hands.^{[citation needed]}

§References

^ "OxyChem Sodium Hypochlorite Handbook". http://www.oxy.com/OurBusinesses/Chemicals/Products/Documents/sodiumhypochlorite/bleach.pdf. OxyChem.
^ "Pamphlet 96, The Sodium Hypochorite Manual". www.chlorineinstitute.org. The Chlorine Institute.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Smith WT. (1994). Human and Environmental Safety of Hypochlorite. In: Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Detergents: Global Perspectives, pp. 183–5.
^ ^a ^b "BENEFITS AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF HYPOCHLORITE FORMULATED IN DOMESTIC PRODUCTS". AISE – International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products. March 1997. This Support Dossier deals with information on the environmental and human safety evaluation of hypochlorite, and on its benefits as a disinfecting, deodorising and stain removing agent.
^ Cárdenas Flores, A; Flores Reyes, H; Gordillo Moscoso, A; Castanedo Cázares, JP; Pozos Guillén Ade, J (2009). "Clinical efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis". The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 33 (3): 187–91. PMID 19476089.
^ "Toilet Cleaners | Learn About Chemicals Around Your House | Pesticides | US EPA:". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 9 May 2012.
^ Zehnder M, Kosicki D, Luder H, Sener B, Waltimo T et al. (2002). "Tissue dissolving capacity and antibacterial effect of buffered and unbuffered hypochlorite solutions". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endodon 94 (6): 756–62. doi:10.1067/moe.2002.128961. PMID 12464903.
^ ^a ^b Conger, Krista (15 November 2013). "Inflammatory skin damage in mice blocked by bleach solution, study finds". Stanford School of Medicine.
^ Bleach baths using Milton Sterilising Fluid for recurrent infected atopic eczema, K Pett, K Batta, C Vlachou, and G Nicholls
^ Leung TH, Zhang LF, Wang J, Ning S, Knox SJ, Kim SK (2013). "Topical hypochlorite ameliorates NF-κB–mediated skin diseases in mice". Journal of Clinical Investigation 123 (12): 5361–5370. doi:10.1172/JCI70895. PMID 24231355.
^ ^a ^b http://web.ebscohost.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4f22085a-4990-46a5-801d-8a6b4687bc63%40sessionmgr11&vid=2&hid=14 (login required)
^ ^a ^b Odabasi, Mustafa (1 March 2008). "Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach- Containing Household Products". Environmental Science & Technology 42 (5): 1445–1451. doi:10.1021/es702355u. Lay summary.
^ Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akhbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone (2007), "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 2
^ eusol, Oxford English Dictionary.Accessed 3 July 2014.
^ Do not use Eusol and gauze to manage surgical wounds that are healing by secondary intention, October 2008, NICE, London.Accessed 3 July 2014.
^ "How Products Are Made Volume 2". May 2011.
^ Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 7th Edition; vol. 1, pg 1433
^ "SAFETY DATA SHEET Sodium Hypochlorite". Univar. 9 August 2007.
^ Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, & Reuse (3rd ed.). Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. 1991. p. 497.
^ Daniele S. Lantagne (2008). "Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment". E-Journal AWWA 100 (8).
^ Vieira, Ernest R. (1999). Elementary Food Science. Springer. pp. 381–382. ISBN 0834216574.
^ Marotz, Lynn R. (2011). Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child. Cengage Learning. pp. 126–127. ISBN 1111298378.
^ http://www.che.utexas.edu/rochelle_group/Pubs/Zhao_Rochelle_CES.pdf
^ http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=19589
^ G. A. Mirafzal and A. M. Lozeva (1998). "Phase transfer catalyzed oxidation of alcohols with sodium hypochlorite". Tetrahedron Letters 39 (40): 7263–7266. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(98)01584-6.

§Bibliography

Jones, F.-L. (1972). "Chlorine poisoning from mixing household cleaners". J. Am. Med. Assoc. 222 (10): 1312. doi:10.1001/jama.222.10.1312.
Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. (2004). "Eaux et extraits de Javel. Hypochlorite de sodium en solution". Fiche toxicologique n° 157, Paris.

§External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0482 (solutions<10% active Cl)
International Chemical Safety Card 1119 (solutions >10% active Cl)
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (in French)
Home and Leisure Accident Statistics 2002 (UK RoSPA)
Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water (United States Environmental Protection Agency)
Chlorinated Drinking Water (IARC Monograph)
NTP Study Report TR-392: Chlorinated & Chloraminated Water (US NIH)
Guidelines for the Use of Chlorine Bleach as a Sanitizer in Food Processing Operations (Oklahoma State University)

English Journal

Partial and total C-6 oxidation of gelling carrageenans. Modulation of the antiviral activity with the anionic character.

Cosenza VA1, Navarro DA1, Pujol CA2, Damonte EB2, Stortz CA3.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Sep 5;128:199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.030. Epub 2015 Apr 23.
The optimal conditions for the full C-6 oxidation of κ- and ι-carrageenans using (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl)oxy (TEMPO) in the presence of sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide were assessed. The fully oxidized products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Partially oxidized products were
PMID 26005156

Inactivation dynamics of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in wash water during simulated chlorine depletion and replenishment processes.

Zhou B1, Luo Y2, Nou X3, Lyu S4, Wang Q5.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2015 Sep;50:88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.03.004. Epub 2015 Apr 2.
Maintaining effective sanitizer concentration is of critical importance for preventing pathogen survival and transference during fresh-cut produce wash operation and for ensuring the safety of finished products. However, maintaining an adequate level of sanitizer in wash water can be challenging for
PMID 25998820

Control of pathogens in biofilms on the surface of stainless steel by levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Chen D1, Zhao T1, Doyle MP2.
International journal of food microbiology.Int J Food Microbiol.2015 Aug 17;207:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.026. Epub 2015 Apr 24.
The efficacy of levulinic acid (LVA) plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to remove or inactivate Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in biofilms on the surface of stainless steel coupons was evaluated. Five- or six-strain mixtures (ca. 9.0l
PMID 25950851

Japanese Journal

アルカリ性アンチホルミンを用いる「14HT法」 : 歯周病治療, 根管治療, その他疾患治療への応用

安井哲男
齒科學報 106(5), 391-397, 2006-10-30
NAID 10018349006

Lycopersicon esculentum and L.peruvianum, L.glandulosum の種間雑種育成における胚珠培養の効率化

今西茂
育種學雜誌 38(1), 1-9, 1988-03-01
トマト栽培種 L.esculentum と野生種 L.peruvianum 間のF_1雑種は,胚培養によって獲得できるが(SMITH,1944),さらに,この胚培養は栽培種との第1回戻交配の場合にも必要である.胚培養技術はこの組み合わせの種間雑種の育成のためにSMITH以後多数の研究者によって用いられてきた.しかし,トマトの場合,胚培養は熟練した技術と多大の労力を要し,多数の雑種個体の育成を必要と …
NAID 110001815702

放射線照射したベゴニア・レックスに誘発したキメラ状変異部分からの変異個体の分離と育成

重松康司 [他],松原尚生
園芸學會雜誌 41(2), 196-200, 1972
… The fragments were sterilized by 3% antiformin and washed with sterilized water. …
NAID 130001161092

Related Pictures

natriohipoklorito aliaj nomoj antiformin sodium hypochlorite other names antiformin Sodium Hypochlorite (CAS RN: 7681-52-9 terrell s acthib chaloupka antiformin waan Antiformin; Sodium oxychloride Substitute Antiformin 名称: Sodium Hypochlorite；Antiformin

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「アンチホルミン」

Sodium hypochlorite
Names
	Other names Antiformin; Bleach; Chloride of soda; In dilution: Carrel-Dakin solution; Modified Dakin's solution; Surgical chlorinated soda solution;
Identifiers
ATC code	D08AX07
CAS Registry Number	7681-52-9
ChEBI	CHEBI:32146
ChemSpider	22756
EC number	231-668-3
	InChI InChI=1S/ClO.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1 ; Key: SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/ClO.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1; Key: SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYAD ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
KEGG	D01711
PubChem	23665760
RTECS number	NH3486300
	SMILES [Na+].[O-]Cl ;
UNII	DY38VHM5OD
UN number	1791
Properties
Molecular formula	NaClO
Molar mass	74.442 g/mol
Appearance	greenish-yellow solid (pentahydrate)
Odor	chlorine-like and sweetish
Density	1.11 g/cm3
Melting point	18 °C (64 °F; 291 K) pentahydrate
Boiling point	101 °C (214 °F; 374 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	29.3 g/100mL (0 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	>7
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298)	-347.1 kJ/mol
Hazards
MSDS	ICSC 1119 (solution, >10% active chlorine); ICSC 0482 (solution, <10% active chlorine)
EU Index	017-011-00-1
EU classification	Corrosive (C); Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases	R31, R34, R50
S-phrases	(S1/2), S28, S45, S50, S61
NFPA 704	0 2 1 OX
Related compounds
Other anions	Sodium chloride; Sodium chlorite; Sodium chlorate; Sodium perchlorate
Other cations	Lithium hypochlorite; Calcium hypochlorite
Related compounds	Hypochlorous acid
	Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
	verify (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: antiformin
関: 結核菌集菌法

次亜塩素酸ナトリウム

[1] "OxyChem Sodium Hypochlorite Handbook". http://www.oxy.com/OurBusinesses/Chemicals/Products/Documents/sodiumhypochlorite/bleach.pdf. OxyChem.

[2] "Pamphlet 96, The Sodium Hypochorite Manual". www.chlorineinstitute.org. The Chlorine Institute.

[Smith1994-3] Smith WT. (1994). Human and Environmental Safety of Hypochlorite. In: Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Detergents: Global Perspectives, pp. 183–5.

[aise-4] "BENEFITS AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF HYPOCHLORITE FORMULATED IN DOMESTIC PRODUCTS". AISE – International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products. March 1997. This Support Dossier deals with information on the environmental and human safety evaluation of hypochlorite, and on its benefits as a disinfecting, deodorising and stain removing agent.

[5] Cárdenas Flores, A; Flores Reyes, H; Gordillo Moscoso, A; Castanedo Cázares, JP; Pozos Guillén Ade, J (2009). "Clinical efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis". The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 33 (3): 187–91. PMID 19476089.

[6] "Toilet Cleaners | Learn About Chemicals Around Your House | Pesticides | US EPA:". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 9 May 2012.

[7] Zehnder M, Kosicki D, Luder H, Sener B, Waltimo T et al. (2002). "Tissue dissolving capacity and antibacterial effect of buffered and unbuffered hypochlorite solutions". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endodon 94 (6): 756–62. doi:10.1067/moe.2002.128961. PMID 12464903.

[stanford1113-8] Conger, Krista (15 November 2013). "Inflammatory skin damage in mice blocked by bleach solution, study finds". Stanford School of Medicine.

[9] Bleach baths using Milton Sterilising Fluid for recurrent infected atopic eczema, K Pett, K Batta, C Vlachou, and G Nicholls

[10] Leung TH, Zhang LF, Wang J, Ning S, Knox SJ, Kim SK (2013). "Topical hypochlorite ameliorates NF-κB–mediated skin diseases in mice". Journal of Clinical Investigation 123 (12): 5361–5370. doi:10.1172/JCI70895. PMID 24231355.

[autogenerated1-11] ttp://web.ebscohost.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4f22085a-4990-46a5-801d-8a6b4687bc63%40sessionmgr11&vid=2&hid=14 (login required)

[Odabasi-12] Odabasi, Mustafa (1 March 2008). "Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach- Containing Household Products". Environmental Science & Technology 42 (5): 1445–1451. doi:10.1021/es702355u. Lay summary.

[ullhyp-13] Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akhbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone (2007), "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 2

[14] eusol, Oxford English Dictionary.Accessed 3 July 2014.

[15] Do not use Eusol and gauze to manage surgical wounds that are healing by secondary intention, October 2008, NICE, London.Accessed 3 July 2014.

[16] "How Products Are Made Volume 2". May 2011.

[17] Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 7th Edition; vol. 1, pg 1433

[18] "SAFETY DATA SHEET Sodium Hypochlorite". Univar. 9 August 2007.

[19] Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, & Reuse (3rd ed.). Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. 1991. p. 497.

[20] Daniele S. Lantagne (2008). "Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment". E-Journal AWWA 100 (8).

[21] Vieira, Ernest R. (1999). Elementary Food Science. Springer. pp. 381–382. ISBN 0834216574.

[22] Marotz, Lynn R. (2011). Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child. Cengage Learning. pp. 126–127. ISBN 1111298378.

[23] ttp://www.che.utexas.edu/rochelle_group/Pubs/Zhao_Rochelle_CES.pdf

[24] ttp://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=19589

[25] G. A. Mirafzal and A. M. Lozeva (1998). "Phase transfer catalyzed oxidation of alcohols with sodium hypochlorite". Tetrahedron Letters 39 (40): 7263–7266. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(98)01584-6.

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