WordNet

detect some circumstance or entity automatically; "This robot can sense the presence of people in the room"; "particle detectors sense ionization"
the faculty through which the external world is apprehended; "in the dark he had to depend on touch and on his senses of smell and hearing" (同)sensation, sentience, sentiency, sensory faculty
the meaning of a word or expression; the way in which a word or expression or situation can be interpreted; "the dictionary gave several senses for the word"; "in the best sense charity is really a duty"; "the signifier is linked to the signified" (同)signified
a general conscious awareness; "a sense of security"; "a sense of happiness"; "a sense of danger"; "a sense of self"
a natural appreciation or ability; "a keen musical sense"; "a good sense of timing"
comprehend; "I sensed the real meaning of his letter"
not in favor of (an action or proposal etc.)
a person who is opposed (to an action or policy or practice etc.); "the antis smelled victory after a long battle"
social insect living in organized colonies; characteristically the males and fertile queen have wings during breeding season; wingless sterile females are the workers (同)emmet, pismire
the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)r

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(五感による)『感覚』;(…の)感覚《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《しばしばa~》(…の)『感じ』,気持ち《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《a~,one's~》(…の)『理解』(『認識』)『力』,観念,センス《+『of』+『名』》 / 《one's senses》正常な感覚,正気 / 〈C〉《しばしば冠詩をつけないで》分別,良識 / 〈C〉(行動・発言・文などの)意義,意味(meaning)《+of(in)+名(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(…の)(全体的な)意向,動向《+『of』+『名』》 / …‘を'感ずる,‘に'気づく
《話》(特定の慣習・政策・行動などに)反対する人
『アリ』
=ain't
resistance / 17歳以下父兄同伴映画の表示 / rook
(次にくる語の発音が母音で始まるときに用いる) / (子音[h]で始まり第1音節に強勢のない語の場合はanを用いることがある.ただし,この場合は[h]を発音しない)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/15 06:03:10」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Antisense RNA (asRNA) is a single-stranded RNA that is complementary to a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand transcribed within a cell. Some authors have used the term micRNA (mRNA-interfering complementary RNA) to refer to these RNAs but it is not widely used.^[1]

Antisense RNA may be introduced into a cell to inhibit translation of a complementary mRNA by base pairing to it and physically obstructing the translation machinery.^[2] This effect is therefore stoichiometric. An example of naturally occurring mRNA antisense mechanism is the hok/sok system of the E. coli R1 plasmid. Antisense RNA has long been thought of as a promising technique for disease therapy; the only such case to have reached the market is the drug fomivirsen. One commentator has characterized antisense RNA as one of "dozens of technologies that are gorgeous in concept, but exasperating in [commercialization]".^[3] Generally, antisense RNA still lack effective design, biological activity, and efficient route of administration.^[4]

Historically, the effects of antisense RNA have often been confused with the effects of RNA interference (RNAi), a related process in which double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNAs trigger catalytically mediated gene silencing, most typically by targeting the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to bind to and degrade the mRNA. Attempts to genetically engineer transgenic plants to express antisense RNA instead activate the RNAi pathway, although the processes result in differing magnitudes of the same downstream effect; gene silencing. Well-known examples include the Flavr Savr tomato and two cultivars of ringspot-resistant papaya.^[5]^[6]

Transcription of longer cis-antisense transcripts is a common phenomenon in the mammalian transcriptome.^[7] Although the function of some cases have been described, such as the Zeb2/Sip1 antisense RNA, no general function has been elucidated. In the case of Zeb2/Sip1,^[8] the antisense noncoding RNA is opposite the 5' splice site of an intron in the 5'UTR of the Zeb2 mRNA. Expression of the antisense ncRNA prevents splicing of an intron that contains a ribosome entry site necessary for efficient expression of the Zeb2 protein. Transcription of long antisense ncRNAs is often concordant with the associated protein-coding gene,^[9] but more detailed studies have revealed that the relative expression patterns of the mRNA and antisense ncRNA are complex.^[10]^[11]

§See also

Cis-natural antisense transcript

§References

^ Mizuno, T.; Chou, M. Y.; Inouye, M. (1984). "A unique mechanism regulating gene expression: Translational inhibition by a complementary RNA transcript (micRNA)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 81 (7): 1966–1970. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.7.1966. PMC 345417. PMID 6201848. edit
^ Weiss, B; Davidkova, G; Zhou, LW (March 1999). "Antisense RNA gene therapy for studying and modulating biological processes.". Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 55 (3): 334–58. PMID 10228554.
^ DePalma, Angelo (August 2005). "Twenty-Five Years of Biotech Trends". Genetic Engineering News 25 (14) (Mary Ann Liebert). pp. 1, 14–23. ISSN 1935-472X. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
^ Antisense Oligonucleotides: Basic Concepts and Mechanisms Nathalie Dias and C. A. Stein. Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
^ Sanders RA, Hiatt W (2005). "Tomato transgene structure and silencing". Nat Biotechnol 23 (3): 287–9. doi:10.1038/nbt0305-287b. PMID 15765076.
^ Chiang CH, Wang JJ, Jan FJ, Yeh SD, Gonsalves D (November 2001). "Comparative reactions of recombinant papaya ringspot viruses with chimeric coat protein (CP) genes and wild-type viruses on CP-transgenic papaya". J. Gen. Virol. 82 (Pt 11): 2827–36. PMID 11602796.
^ Katayama S, Tomaru Y, Kasukawa T, et al. (September 2005). "Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome". Science 309 (5740): 1564–6. doi:10.1126/science.1112009. PMID 16141073.
^ Beltran M, Puig I, Peña C, et al. (March 2008). "A natural antisense transcript regulates Zeb2/Sip1 gene expression during Snail1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition". Genes & Development 22 (6): 756–69. doi:10.1101/gad.455708. PMC 2275429. PMID 18347095.
^ Engström PG, Suzuki H, Ninomiya N, et al. (April 2006). "Complex Loci in human and mouse genomes". PLoS genetics 2 (4): e47. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020047. PMC 1449890. PMID 16683030.
^ Dinger ME, Amaral PP, Mercer TR, et al. (September 2008). "Long noncoding RNAs in mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation". Genome Research 18 (9): 1433–45. doi:10.1101/gr.078378.108. PMC 2527704. PMID 18562676.
^ Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Sunkin SM, Mehler MF, Mattick JS (January 2008). "Specific expression of long noncoding RNAs in the mouse brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (2): 716–21. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706729105. PMC 2206602. PMID 18184812.

UpToDate Contents

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1. HIV-1 RNA定量の技術および解釈 techniques and interpretation of hiv 1 rna quantitation
2. 遺伝性疾患の基本原則 basic principles of genetic disease
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4. 慢性C型肝炎ウイルス感染のスクリーニングおよび診断 screening for and diagnosis of chronic hepatitis c virus infection
5. 分子遺伝学の原理 principles of molecular genetics

English Journal

MicroRNAs in the onset and development of cardiovascular disease.

Vickers KC, Rye KA, Tabet F.Author information *Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A.AbstractPhysiological and pathological roles for small non-encoding miRNAs (microRNAs) in the cardiovascular system have recently emerged and are now widely studied. The discovery of widespread functions of miRNAs has increased the complexity of gene-regulatory processes and networks in both the cardiovascular system and cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, it has recently been shown that miRNAs are implicated in the regulation of many of the steps leading to the development of cardiovascular disease. These findings represent novel aspects in miRNA biology and, therefore, our understanding of the role of these miRNAs during the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is critical for the development of novel therapies and diagnostic interventions. The present review will focus on understanding how miRNAs are involved in the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Feb;126(3):183-94. doi: 10.1042/CS20130203.
Physiological and pathological roles for small non-encoding miRNAs (microRNAs) in the cardiovascular system have recently emerged and are now widely studied. The discovery of widespread functions of miRNAs has increased the complexity of gene-regulatory processes and networks in both the cardiovascu
PMID 24102098

The long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is upregulated in endometrial carcinoma and correlates with poor prognosis.

He X1, Bao W1, Li X1, Chen Z2, Che Q2, Wang H2, Wan XP2.Author information 1International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China.2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China.AbstractLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key molecules in human cancer. Homeobox (HOX) transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is associated with a variety of human cancers, such as breast, liver and lung cancer. However, whether HOTAIR can function as a molecular marker in endometrial carcinoma (EC) remains unknown. In the present study, the expression of HOTAIR in 66 EC tissues from patients with EC and 30 normal tissues from healthy age-matched control subjects was determined using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, using in situ hybridization, we measured HOTAIR expression in 129 formalin-fixed parafﬁn-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections, which included 96 tissues that matched the frozen cases, 21 other EC tissues and 12 atypical hyperplasia tissues. Correlations between HOTAIR expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients were analyzed. Our results revealed that HOTAIR expression in the EC tissues was significantly upregulated compared with normal tissues (p<0.001). In addition, we observed a significant association between HOTAIR expression and the EC grade (p<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). Moreover, in the FFPE tissues, but not the frozen tissues, we found that a higher HOTAIR expression also correlated with the depth of myometrial invasion (p=0.019) and lymphovascular space invasion (p=0.015). More importantly, patients with a higher HOTAIR expression showed significantly poorer overall survival than those with lower HOTAIR expression (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that a high expression of HOTAIR is involved in the progression of cancer and may be a novel biomarker of poor prognosis in patients with EC.
International journal of molecular medicine.Int J Mol Med.2014 Feb;33(2):325-32. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1570. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key molecules in human cancer. Homeobox (HOX) transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is associated with a variety of human cancers, such as breast, liver and lung cancer. However, whether HOTAIR can function as a m
PMID 24285342

BKCa and hEag1 channels regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Zhang YY, Yue J, Che H, Sun HY, Tse HF, Li GR.Author information Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.AbstractHuman bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serve as a reservoir for the continuous renewal of various mesenchymal tissues; however, cellular physiology of ion channels is not fully understood. The present study investigated potential roles of large-conductance Ca(2+) -activated potassium (BKCa ) channels and ether-à-go-go potassium (hEag1 or Kv10.1) channels in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation in human MSCs. We found that inhibition of BKCa with paxilline or hEag1 with astemizole, or knockdown of BKCa with shRNAs targeting KCa1.1 or hEag1 channels with shRNAs targeting KCNH1 arrested the cells at G0/G1 phase. In addition, silencing BKCa or hEag1 channels significantly reduced adipogenic differentiation with decrease of lipid accumulation and expression of the adipocyte marker PPARγ, and decreased osteogenic differentiation with reduction of mineral precipitation and osteocalcin. These effects were accompanied with a reduced cyclin D1, cyclin E, p-ERK1/2, and p-Akt. Our results demonstrate that BKCa and hEag1 channels not only regulate cell proliferation, but also participate in the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiations in human MSCs, which indicates that BKCa and hEag1 channels may be essential in maintaining bone marrow physiological function and bone regeneration.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Feb;229(2):202-12. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24435.
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serve as a reservoir for the continuous renewal of various mesenchymal tissues; however, cellular physiology of ion channels is not fully understood. The present study investigated potential roles of large-conductance Ca(2+) -activated potassiu
PMID 23881642

Japanese Journal

Regulatory mechanisms of muscle fiber types and their possible interactions with external nutritional stimuli

Nakazato Koichi,Tsutaki Arata
The journal of physical fitness and sports medicine : JPFSM 1(4), 655-664, 2012-11-25
… Next, we show three major transcriptional controls for MyHCs as (1) calcium signaling, (2) AMPK signaling, and (3) miRNA/anti-sense RNA regulations. …
NAID 10031159002

13．細菌のQuorum sensing 情報伝達を抑制するNoncoding regulatory anti-sense RNA

平川秀忠,Harwood Caroline S.,Greenberg E. Peter
The Kitakanto medical journal 62(3), 371-371, 2012-08-01
NAID 120004622450

Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides to Nuclear Telomere RNA by Use of a Complex between Polysaccharide and Polynucleotide

Minari Jusaku,Kubo Takanori,Ohba Hideki,Shimada Naohiko,Takeda Yoich,Karinaga Ryouji,Anada Takahisa,Koumoto Kazuya,Kawazu Takeshi,Nagasaki Takeshi,Shinkai Seiji,Sakurai Kazuo
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 80(6), 1091-1098, 2007
… The present work shows a new methodology for nuclear anti-sense therapy that should be important in future anti-cancer therapies. …
NAID 130004152334