同: 前皮質脊髄路

WordNet

a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet (同)pamphlet
an extended area of land (同)piece of land, piece of ground, parcel of land, parcel
a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose
a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image (同)trace
the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline
the discovery and description of the course of development of something; "the tracing of genealogies"
of or near the head end or toward the front plane of a body
earlier in time (同)prior

PrepTutorEJDIC

広大な土地(地域),(土地・海・空などの)広がり《+of+名》 / (器官の)管,(神経の)索
(おもに宗教・政治などの宣伝用の)小冊子,パンフレット
跡を追うこと,追跡;透写,複写 / 〈C〉 / 透写(複写)によってできたもの(地図・図案など),透写図
(場所などが)前の,前部の;(…より)前に位置する《+『to』+『名』》 / (時・事件などが)以前の,先の;(…より)前の《+『to』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/07 01:07:46」(JST)

wiki en

The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, "Bundle of Turk", medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Descending tracts are pathways by which motor signals are sent from the brain to lower motor neurons which then directly innervate muscle to produce movement. The anterior corticospinal tract is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract.

It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the medulla spinalis; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region.

It consists of descending fibers that arise from cells in the motor area of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. The impulse travels from these upper motor neurons (located in the pre-central gyrus of the brain) through the anterior column. In contrast to the fibers for the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers for the anterior corticospinal tract do not decussate at the level of the medulla oblongata, although they do cross over in the spinal level they innervate.^[1] They then synapse at the anterior horn with the lower motor neuron which then synapses with the target muscle at the motor end plate. In contrast to the lateral corticospinal tract which controls the movement of the limbs, the anterior corticospinal tract controls the movements of axial muscles (of the trunk).

A few of its fibers pass to the lateral column of the same side and to the gray matter at the base of the posterior column.^{[citation needed]}

Additional images

Decussation of pyramids.
The motor tract.

References

^ http://nervsystemet.se/nsd/structure_718

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

Saladin, Kenneth S. "The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes." Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. N. pag. Print.

External links

hier-799 at NeuroNames
Overview at thebrain.mcgill.ca
http://teachmeanatomy.info/neuro/pathways/descending-tracts-motor/

UpToDate Contents

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1. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：後膣壁脱の外科的修復 pelvic organ prolapse in women surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse
2. 脊髄障害の解剖学および局在性 anatomy and localization of spinal cord disorders
3. 左脚前枝ブロック left anterior fascicular block
4. 総胆管損傷の修復 repair of common bile duct injuries
5. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Nonpharmacologic treatment of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction

English Journal

Anatomical location of the frontopontine fibers in the internal capsule in the human brain: a diffusion tensor tractography study.

Jang SH, Chang PH, Kim YK, Seo JP.Author information aDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea bDepartment of Robotics Engineering, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology cDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Leaders Rehabilitation Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea.AbstractThe frontopontine fibers (FPFs) originate from the frontal lobe and end in the pontine nuclei. Many neuroanatomy textbooks have described the FPFs as descending through the anterior limb of the internal capsule. However, several studies have reported controversial results. In this study, using diffusion tensor tractography, we investigated the anatomical location of the FPFs in the internal capsule in the human brain. We recruited 53 healthy volunteers for this study. For reconstruction of the FPFs, the seed region of interest was given in the medial cerebral peduncle of the reconstructed corticospinal tract. The target regions of interest were placed in the three cerebral cortices, respectively: Brodmann's area (BA) BA 6, BA 8, and BA 9. The anatomical locations of the FPFs were evaluated using the highest probabilistic location in the internal capsule. We measured the relative distance of the FPFs from the middle point at the genu of the internal capsule to the most posterior point of the lenticular nucleus. The relative mean distances of the highest probabilistic location for the FPFs from BA 9, 8, and 6 were 18.18, 32.08, and 43.83% from the middle point of the genu of the internal capsule, respectively. By contrast, the highest probabilistic location for the corticospinal tract was 74.18%. According to our findings, the FPFs were located at the anterior half of the posterior limb in the internal capsule, in the following order, from the anterior direction: the FPFs from BA 9, BA 8, and BA 6.
Neuroreport.Neuroreport.2014 Jan 22;25(2):117-21. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000076.
The frontopontine fibers (FPFs) originate from the frontal lobe and end in the pontine nuclei. Many neuroanatomy textbooks have described the FPFs as descending through the anterior limb of the internal capsule. However, several studies have reported controversial results. In this study, using diffu
PMID 24366326

StartReact Restores Reaction Time in HSP: Evidence for Subcortical Release of a Motor Program.

Nonnekes J, Oude Nijhuis LB, de Niet M, de Bot ST, Pasman JW, van de Warrenburg BP, Bloem BR, Weerdesteyn V, Geurts AC.Author information Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Department of Rehabilitation and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Sint Maartenskliniek Research, Development and Education, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands.AbstractStartling acoustic stimuli (SAS) can accelerate reaction times ("StartReact" effect), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Both direct release of a subcortically stored motor program and a subcortically mediated trigger for a cortically stored motor program have been hypothesized. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we examined the StartReact effect in humans with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Delayed reaction times in HSP patients in trials both with and without a SAS would argue in favor of a cortically stored response. We instructed 12 HSP patients and 12 matched controls to respond as rapidly as possible to a visual imperative stimulus, in two different conditions: dorsiflexion of the dominant ankle; or flexion of the dominant wrist. In 25% of trials, a SAS was delivered simultaneously with the imperative stimulus. Before these tests, subjects received five SAS while standing to verify normal function of the reticulospinal tract in HSP. Latencies of startle responses in sternocleidomastoid and tibialis anterior muscles were comparable between patients and controls. During the ankle dorsiflexion task, HSP patients had an average 19 ms delay in reaction times compared with controls. Administration of a SAS accelerated ankle dorsiflexion in both groups, but more so in the patients, which completely normalized their latencies. The wrist flexion task yielded no differences in onset latencies between HSP patients and controls. The reticulospinal tract seems unaffected in HSP patients, because startle reflex onsets were normal. The corticospinal tract was affected, as reflected by delayed ankle dorsiflexion reaction times. These delayed onsets in HSP were normalized when the imperative stimulus was combined with a SAS, presumably through release of a subcortically stored motor program conveyed by the preserved reticulospinal tract.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2014 Jan 1;34(1):275-81. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2948-13.2014.
Startling acoustic stimuli (SAS) can accelerate reaction times ("StartReact" effect), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Both direct release of a subcortically stored motor program and a subcortically mediated trigger for a cortically stored motor program have been hypothesized. To distin
PMID 24381288

White matter correlates of cognitive inhibition during development: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

Treit S1, Chen Z2, Rasmussen C3, Beaulieu C4.Author information 1Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2V2, Canada.2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2V2, Canada.3Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2V2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2V2, Canada.4Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2V2, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2V2, Canada. Electronic address: christian.beaulieu@ualberta.ca.AbstractInhibitory control and cognitive flexibility are two key executive functions that develop in childhood and adolescence, increasing one's capacity to respond dynamically to changing external demands and refrain from impulsive behaviors. These gains evolve in concert with significant brain development. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have identified numerous frontal and cingulate cortical areas associated with performance on inhibition tasks, but less is known about the involvement of the underlying anatomical connectivity, namely white matter. Here we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine correlations between a DTI-derived parameter, fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter, and performance on the NEPSY-II Inhibition test (Naming, Inhibition and Switching conditions) in 49 healthy children aged 5-16years (20 females; 29 males). First, whole brain voxel-based analysis revealed several clusters in the frontal projections of the corpus callosum, where higher FA was associated with worse inhibitory performance, as well as several clusters in posterior brain regions and one in the brainstem where higher FA was associated with better cognitive flexibility (in the Switching task), suggesting a dichotomous relationship between FA and these two aspects of cognitive control. Tractography through these clusters identified several white matter tracts, which were then manual traced in native space. Pearson's correlations confirmed associations between higher FA of frontal projections of the corpus callosum with poorer inhibitory performance (independent of age), though associations with Switching were not significant. Post-hoc evaluation suggested that FA of orbital and anterior frontal projections of the corpus callosum also mediates performance differences across conditions, which may reflect differences in self-monitoring or strategy use. These findings suggest a link between the development of inhibition and cognitive control with the underlying role of white matter, and may help to identify deviations of neurobiology in adolescent psychopathology.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2013 Dec 16. pii: S0306-4522(13)01035-X. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.019. [Epub ahead of print]
Inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility are two key executive functions that develop in childhood and adolescence, increasing one's capacity to respond dynamically to changing external demands and refrain from impulsive behaviors. These gains evolve in concert with significant brain development
PMID 24355493

Japanese Journal

FALS with Gly72Ser mutation in SOD1 gene: Report of a family including the first autopsy case

Kobayashi Zen,Tsuchiya Kuniaki,Kubodera Takayuki,Shibata Noriyuki,Arai Tetsuaki,Miura Hiroyuki,Ishikawa Chieko,Kondo Hiromi,Ishizu Hideki,Akiyama Haruhiko,Mizusawa Hidehiro,新井哲明
Journal of the neurological sciences 300(1-2), 9-13, 2011-01-00
… Histopathologically, motor neurons were markedly decreased throughout the whole spinal cord, whereas corticospinal tract involvement was very mild and was demonstrated only by CD68 immunohistochemistry. … Degeneration was evident in the posterior funiculus, Clarke's nucleus, posterior cerebellar tract, and Onuf's nucleus. …
NAID 120002836970

中心前回に存在する神経膠腫の手術

隈部俊宏,中里信和,岩崎真樹,永松謙一,清水宏明,吉本高志
脳神経外科ジャーナル 11(4), 271-277, 2002-04-20
中心前回に存在する境界明瞭な神経節膠腫が原因となって痙攣発作にて発症した15歳女性に対して,術前機能マッピングを行った結果,腫瘍は下肢運動野を後方へ圧排偏位し,下降する錐体路を後方から外側に圧排して存在することが予想された.術中機能マッピングを行い,ニューロナビゲーションシステムを併用して腫瘍摘出を行った.中心前回の前半分を直接電気刺激しても下肢の運動誘発を認めず,この領域を除去して腫瘍全摘出を行 …
NAID 110003812193

Embolization of Intramedullary Spinal Arteriovenous Malformation Fed by the Anterior Spinal Artery with Monitoring of the Corticospinal Motor Evoked Potential : Case Report

KATAYAMA Yoichi,TSUBOKAWA Takashi,HIRAYAMA Teruyasu,HIMI Kazuhisa,KOYAMA Seigo,YAMAMOTO Takamitsu
Neurologia medico-chirurgica 31(7), 401-405, 1991-07-15
… Intramedullary spinal AVMs fed by the anterior spinal artery cannot be embolized without risking unacceptable motor deficits, since the feeding arteries may supply the corticospinal tract (CST). … An 8-year-old boy underwent successful embolization of such an AVM under general anesthesia using intermittent infusion of embolic material with monitoring of the CST integrity with the corticospinal motor evoked potential (MEP). …
NAID 110002278220

「錐体前索路」

Anterior corticospinal tract
	Anterior corticospinal tract seen in red at bottom center in figure (text tag found at upper-left).
	Decussation of pyramids. Scheme showing passage of various fasciculi from medulla spinalis to medulla oblongata. a. Pons. b. Medulla oblongata. c. Decussation of the pyramids. d. Section of cervical part of medulla spinalis. 1. Anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus (in red). 2. Lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus (in red). 3. Sensory tract (fasciculi gracilis et cuneatus) (in blue). 3’. Gracile and cuneate nuclei. 4. Antero-lateral proper fasciculus (in dotted line). 5. Pyramid. 6. Lemniscus. 7. Medial longitudinal fasciculus. 8. Ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus (in blue). 9. Dorsal spinocerebellar fasciculus (in yellow).
Details
Identifiers
Latin	tractus corticospinalis anterior, fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior
NeuroLex ID	Ventral corticospinal tract
Dorlands; /Elsevier	t_15/12816937
TA	A14.1.02.205
FMA	73959
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]