This article is about the ruminant disease. For anaplasmosis in dogs, see Ehrlichiosis (canine). For anaplasmosis in humans, see Human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
Anaplasmosis |
Classification and external resources |
MeSH |
D000712 |
Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by a rickettsial parasite of ruminants, Anaplasma spp. The organism occurs in the red blood cells and is transmitted by natural means through a number of haematophagous species of ticks. It can also be transmitted iatrogenically by the use of surgical, dehorning, castration, and tattoo instruments and hypodermic needles that are not disinfected between uses.
Although the term is often associated with animal infection, it is also used to describe infection in humans.[1]
Contents
- 1 Distribution
- 2 Clinical signs and diagnosis
- 3 Treatment and control
- 4 Notable cases
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Distribution
In the United States, anaplasmosis is notably present in the south and west where the tick hosts Ixodes spp. are found. Although vaccines have been developed, none are currently available in the United States. Early in the 20th century, this disease was considered one of major economic consequence in the western United States. In the 1980s and 1990s, control of ticks through new acaricides and practical treatment with prolonged-action antibiotics, notably tetracycline, has led to the point where the disease is no longer considered a major problem.
Cases of coinfection with tick-borne microorganisms are being increasingly reported in the last decade,[2][3][4] perhaps explaining the variable manifestations and clinical responses noted in some patients with tick-transmitted diseases. In such clinical settings, laboratory testing for coinfection is indicated to ensure that appropriate antimicrobial treatment is given.
In 2005, Anaplasma ovis was found in reindeer populations in Mongolia.[5] This pathogen and its associated syndrome (characterized by lethargy, fever and pale mucous membranes) was previously only observed in wild sheep and goats in the region, and is the first observed event of A. ovis in reindeer.
In Australia, bovine anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is only found in the northern and eastern parts of Australia where the cattle tick is present. It was probably introduced as early as 1829 by cattle from Indonesia infested with the cattle tick Boophilus microplus.[6]
Clinical signs and diagnosis
Anaemia may be severe and result in cardiovascular changes such as an increase in heart rate. Haematuria may occur due to the lysis of red blood cells. General systemic signs such as diarrhea, anorexia and weight loss may also be present. A blood smear stained with Giemsa should be observed for identification of infected red blood cells and will allow definitive diagnosis.[7]
Treatment and control
Treatment usually involves a prescription of doxycycline or a similar class of antibiotics. Oxytetracycline and imidocarb have also been shown to be effective. Supportive therapy such as blood products and fluids may be necessary.[7]
Vaccines against anaplasmosis are available. Carrier animals should be eliminated from flocks. Tick control may also be useful although it can be difficult to implement.[7]
Notable cases
On July 30, 2009, David Letterman announced that he had been infected with anaplasmosis. He believes he was most likely bitten by an infected tick while camping with his 5-year-old son in their tree house.
References
- ^ "CDC—Anaplasmosis: Questions and Answers | Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases". Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- ^ Paul D. Mitchell,* Kurt D. Reed, and Jeanie M. Hofkes “Immunoserologic Evidence of Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and Human Granulocytic Ehrlichia Species in Residents of Wisconsin and Minnesota” // Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, Mar. 1996, p. 724–727.
- ^ Micha Loebermann, Volker Fingerle, Matthias Lademann, Carlos Fritzsche, Emil C. Reisinger “Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Coinfection” // Emerging Infectious Diseases, Feb, 2006.
- ^ Walid MS, Ajjan M, Patel N: Borreliosis And Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Coinfection With Positive Rheumatoid Factor And Monospot Test: Case-Report. The Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007; Volume 6, Number 1.
- ^ Haigh J, Gerwing V, Erdenebaatar J, Hill J. 2008. A novel clinical syndrome and detection of Anaplasma ovis in Mongolian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). J Wildlife Dis 44(3): 569–577.
- ^ "bovine anaplasmosis". Tick fever. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ a b c Anaplasmosis reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 10 October 2011.
- Infectious diseases
- Bacterial disease: Proteobacterial G−
- primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109
|
|
α |
Rickettsiales |
Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses) |
Typhus |
- Rickettsia typhi
- Rickettsia prowazekii
- Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus
|
|
Spotted
fever |
Tick-borne |
- Rickettsia rickettsii
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- Rickettsia conorii
- Rickettsia japonica
- Rickettsia sibirica
- Rickettsia australis
- Rickettsia honei
- Flinders Island spotted fever
- Rickettsia africae
- Rickettsia parkeri
- Rickettsia aeschlimannii
- Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection
|
|
Mite-borne |
- Rickettsia akari
- Orientia tsutsugamushi
|
|
Flea-borne |
|
|
|
|
Anaplasmataceae |
- Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
- Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
- Ehrlichia chaffeensis
- Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
- Ehrlichia ewingii
- Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
|
|
|
Rhizobiales |
Brucellaceae |
|
|
Bartonellaceae |
- Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
- Bartonella quintana
- either henselae or quintana
- Bartonella bacilliformis
- Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana
|
|
|
|
β |
Neisseriales |
M+ |
- Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
- Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia
|
|
M- |
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
|
|
ungrouped: |
- Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
- Chromobacterium violaceum
- Chromobacteriosis infection
|
|
|
Burkholderiales |
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia cepacia complex
- Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
|
|
|
γ |
Enterobacteriales
(OX-) |
Lac+ |
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Rhinoscleroma, Klebsiella pneumonia
- Klebsiella granulomatis
- Klebsiella oxytoca
- Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
- Enteroinvasive
- Enterohemorrhagic
- O157:H7
- O104:H4
- Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
- Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
|
|
Slow/weak |
- Serratia marcescens
- Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
|
|
Lac- |
H2S+ |
- Salmonella enterica
- Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis
|
|
H2S- |
- Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii
- Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
- Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
- Yersinia pestis
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
- Far East scarlet-like fever
|
|
|
|
Pasteurellales |
Haemophilus: |
- H. influenzae
- Haemophilus meningitis
- Brazilian purpuric fever
- H. ducreyi
- H. parainfluenzae
|
|
Pasteurella multocida |
- Pasteurellosis
- Actinobacillus
|
|
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans |
|
|
|
Legionellales |
- Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
- Coxiella burnetii
|
|
Thiotrichales |
|
|
Vibrionaceae |
- Vibrio cholerae
- Vibrio vulnificus
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- Vibrio alginolyticus
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
|
|
Pseudomonadales |
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Acinetobacter baumannii
|
|
Xanthomonadaceae |
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
|
|
Cardiobacteriaceae |
|
|
Aeromonadales |
- Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
|
|
|
ε |
Campylobacterales |
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
- Helicobacter pylori
- Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
- Helicobacter cinaedi
|
|
|
Index of bacterial disease
|
|
Description |
|
|
Disease |
- Gram-positive firmicutes
- Gram-positive actinobacteria
- Gram-negative proteobacteria
- Gram-negative non-proteobacteria
- Cholera
- Tuberculosis
|
|
Treatment |
- Antibiotics
- cell wall
- nucleic acid
- mycobacteria
- protein synthesis
- other
- Antibodies
|
|
|
External links
- CFIA Animal Disease Information
- Anaplasmosis fact sheet
- Biosecurity training video
- Farm-level biosecurity practices
English, FrenchSéroprévalence de l’anaplasmose granulocytaire équine et de la borréliose de Lyme au Canada telle que déterminée par un test ELISA hors laboratoire. L’anaplasmose granulocytaire équine (AGE) et la borréliose de Lyme (BL) sont de nouvelles maladies émergentes au Can