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the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else (同)dependance, dependency
a central nervous system stimulant that increases energy and decreases appetite; used to treat narcolepsy and some forms of depression (同)pep_pill, upper, speed

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(…に)頼ること,(…への)依存,依頼《+『on(upon)』+『名』》 / (…への)信頼,信用《+『on』+『名』》
アンフェタミン(中枢神経刺激済)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/27 21:01:56」(JST)

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Amphetamine dependence refers to a state of dependence on a drug in the amphetamine class. In individuals with substance use disorder (problematic use or abuse with dependence), psychotherapy is currently the best treatment option as no pharmacological treatment has been approved.^[1] Tolerance is expected to develop with regular substituted amphetamine use.^[2] When substituted amphetamines are abused, drug tolerance develops rapidly.^[1]

Severe withdrawal associated with dependence from recreational substituted amphetamine use can be a difficult for a user to cope with.^[3]^[4]^[5] Long-term use of certain substituted amphetamines, particularly methamphetamine, can reduce dopamine activity in the brain.^[6]^[7] Psychostimulants that increase dopamine and mimic the effects of substituted amphetamines, but with lower abuse liability, could theoretically be used as replacement therapy in amphetamine dependence.^[1] However, the few studies that used amphetamine, bupropion, methylphenidate and modafinil as a replacement therapy did not result in less methamphetamine use or craving.^[1]

Some animal studies have shown that substituted amphetamine use can produce reverse tolerance; however,in humans, there is no systematic evidence of the development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-type drugs after acute or chronic drug treatment when used in a low or therapeutic dose range (i.e., is not abused recreationally).^[8] The absence of observed sensitization development in humans (compared to that observed in rodents) may be explained by variations in drug metabolism or different mechanisms of action of amphetamine-type drugs in humans versus rats.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pérez-Mañá, C; Castells X; Torrens M; Capellà D; Farre M. (September 2013). "Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9 (9): CD009695. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2. PMID 23996457. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
^ O'Connor, Patrick. "Amphetamines: Drug Use and Abuse". Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. Merck. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
^ Chronic Amphetamine Use and Abuse
^ Sax KW, Strakowski SM (2001). "Behavioral sensitization in humans". J Addict Dis. 20 (3): 55–65. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00497-1. PMID 11681593.
^ I. Boileau, A. Dagher, M. Leyton, R. N. Gunn, G. B. Baker, M. Diksic and C. Benkelfat (2006). "Modeling Sensitization to Stimulants in Humans: An [11C]Raclopride/Positron Emission Tomography Study in Healthy Men". Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 (12): 1386–1395. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1386. PMID 17146013.
^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "15". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 370. ISBN 9780071481274. "Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic to midbrain dopamine neurons."
^ Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). "Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death". Brain Res Rev 60 (2): 379–407. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002. PMC 2731235. PMID 19328213. "Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006)."
^ Solanto, Mary (January 2000). "Clinical psychopharmacology of AD/HD: implications for animal models". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24 (1): 27–30. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00061-5. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 10654657.
^ Advokat, Claire (July 2007). "Update on amphetamine neurotoxicity and its relevance to the treatment of ADHD" (PDF). Journal of Attention Disorders 11 (1): 8–16. doi:10.1177/1087054706295605. ISSN 1087-0547. PMID 17606768.

UpToDate Contents

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1. メタンフェタミン使用障害：疫学、臨床症状、経過、評価、および診断 methamphetamine use disorder epidemiology clinical manifestations course assessment and diagnosis
2. 覚せい剤中毒 methamphetamine intoxication
3. アンフェタミンおよび合成カチノン（「バスソルト」）による急性中毒 acute amphetamine and synthetic cathinone bath salt intoxication
4. 成人の注意欠陥多動性障害（ADHD）に対する薬物療法 pharmacotherapy for adult adhd
5. 成人におけるコカイン関連疾患の治療 treatment of cocaine use disorder in adults

English Journal

Predictors of time to relapse in amphetamine-type substance users in the matrix treatment program in Iran: a Cox proportional hazard model application.

Moeeni M1,2, Razaghi EM3, Ponnet K4,5,6,7, Torabi F8, Shafiee SA9, Pashaei T10,11.
BMC psychiatry.BMC Psychiatry.2016 Jul 26;16:265. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0973-8.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine which predictors influence the risk of relapse among a cohort of amphetamine-type substance (ATS) users in Iran.METHODS: A Cox proportional hazards model was conducted to determine factors associated with the relapse time in the Matrix treatment pro
PMID 27455958

Locomotor Profiling from Rodents to the Clinic and Back Again.

Young JW1,2, Minassian A3, Geyer MA3,4.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences.Curr Top Behav Neurosci.2016 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
The quantification of unconditioned motoric activity is one of the oldest and most commonly utilized tools in behavioral studies. Although typically measured in reference to psychiatric disorders, e.g., amphetamine-induced hyperactivity used as a model of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and To
PMID 27418071

Inhibiting effects of rhynchophylline on zebrafish methamphetamine dependence are associated with amelioration of neurotransmitters content and down-regulation of TH and NR2B expression.

Jiang M1, Chen Y2, Li C3, Peng Q4, Fang M3, Liu W3, Kang Q5, Lin Y3, Yung KK4, Mo Z6.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2016 Jul 4;68:31-43. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.03.004. Epub 2016 Mar 21.
Others and we have reported that rhynchophylline reverses amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) effect which may be partly mediated by amelioration of central neurotransmitters and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) levels in the rat brains. The current study investigated the i
PMID 27009763