WordNet

an antibiotic; a semisynthetic oral penicillin (trade names Amoxil and Larotid and Polymox and Trimox and Augmentin) used to treat bacterial infections (同)Amoxil, Larotid, Polymox, Trimox, Augmentin

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/23 19:06:14」(JST)

wiki en

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (INN) or co-amoxiclav (BAN) is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. It is a combination antibiotic consisting of amoxicillin trihydrate, a β-lactam antibiotic, and potassium clavulanate, a β-lactamase inhibitor. This combination results in an antibiotic with an increased spectrum of action and restored efficacy against amoxicillin-resistant bacteria that produce β-lactamase.

Side effects include an increased risk of yeast infections and diarrhea.^[1]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[2] Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was developed at Beecham Pharmaceuticals and marketed under the trade name Augmentin.^[3] It is available as a generic and marketed under a variety of trade names worldwide.

Medical uses

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is widely used to treat or prevent many infections caused by susceptible bacteria, such as:

urinary tract infections
respiratory tract infections
skin and soft tissue infections
sinus infections
cat scratches
infections caused by the bacterial flora of the mouth, such as:
- dental infections
- infected animal bites
- infected human bites (including uncomplicated "clenched-fist" or "reverse-bite" injuries)^[3]^[4]

Adverse effects

Possible side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, thrush, and skin rash. These do not usually require medical attention. As with all antimicrobial agents, antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile infection—sometimes leading to pseudomembranous colitis—may occur during or after treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.^[4]

Rarely, cholestatic jaundice (also referred to as cholestatic hepatitis, a form of liver toxicity) has been associated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The reaction may occur up to several weeks after treatment has stopped, and usually takes weeks to resolve. It is more frequent in men, older people, and those who have taken long courses of treatment; the estimated overall incidence is one in 100,000 exposures.^[4] In the United Kingdom, co-amoxiclav carries a warning from the Committee on Safety of Medicines to this effect.^[3]

As all aminopenicillins, amoxicillin has been associated with Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, although these reactions are very rare.^[4]^[5]

History

British scientists working at Beecham (now part of GlaxoSmithKline), filed for US patent protection for the drug combination in 1979.

A patent was granted in 1985.^[6]

Augmentin is the original name used by its inventor.

Preparations

Many branded products indicate their strengths as the quantity of amoxicillin. Augmentin 250, for example, contains 250 mg of amoxicillin and 125 mg of clavulanic acid.^[3]^[7]

An intravenous preparation has been available in the UK since 1985,^[8] but no parenteral preparation is available in the US; the nearest equivalent is ampicillin/sulbactam.

Suspensions of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid are available for use in children. They must be refrigerated to maintain effectiveness.

Veterinary use

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is used in numerous animals for a variety of conditions.

Dogs: periodontitis, kennel cough^[9]^[10]

Cats: urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections

Calves: enteritis, navel ill

Cattle: respiratory tract infections, soft tissue infections, metritis, mastitis

Pigs: respiratory tract infections, colibacillosis, mastitis, metritis, agalactia

In combination with prednisolone, it is used for intramammary infusion for the treatment of mastitis in lactating cows. Trade names include Clavaseptin, Clavamox, and Synulox.

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is banned from use in domestic-food animals (cattle, swine, etc.) in both the US and Europe; in the UK, Synulox can be used in domestic-food animals as long as a specified withdrawal period is observed.

Bacterial resistance

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in veterinary medicine. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is reported to be effective against clinical Klebsiella infections, but is not efficacious against Pseudomonas infections.^[11]

References

^ Gillies, M; Ranakusuma, A; Hoffmann, T; Thorning, S; McGuire, T; Glasziou, P; Del Mar, C (17 November 2014). "Common harms from amoxicillin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials for any indication.". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association / journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 187: E21–31. doi:10.1503/cmaj.140848. PMID 25404399.
^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d British National Formulary (57 ed.). March 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gordon D (2010). "Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid (Co-Amoxiclav)". In Grayson ML et al (eds). Kucers' the Use of Antibiotics: a Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic and Antiviral Drugs. London: Hodder Arnold/ASM Press. pp. 193–4. ISBN 0-340-92767-4.
^ Harr T, French LE (2010). "Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome". Orphanet Journal of Rare Disease 5: 39. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-5-39. PMC 3018455. PMID 21162721.
^ US 4441609
^ "Augmentin -- Prescribing Information" (PDF). December 2006.
^ Davies BE, Boon R, Horton R, Reubi FC, Descoeudres CE (October 1988). "Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid in haemodialysis patients following intravenous administration of Augmentin". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26 (4): 385–90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb03395.x. PMC 1386558. PMID 3190988.
^ "Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)". Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
^ "Kennel Cough - Symptoms and Treatment". Retrieved 2013-05-30.
^ Federation of Veterinarians in Europe Position Paper: "Antibiotic Resistance & Prudent Use of Antibiotics in Veterinary Medicine"

External links

http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/print/lexicomp/amoxicillin%20and%20clavulanate%20potassium.html
Augmentin website GlaxoSmithKline
http://www.laboratorioslife.com/index.php?option=com_producto&Itemid=87&task=listaProductosHumana&lang=en

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における急性副鼻腔炎および鼻副鼻腔炎：治療 acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in adults treatment
2. 合併症リスクの低い成人癌患者における発熱性好中球減少症候群の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of neutropenic fever syndromes in adult cancer patients at low risk for complications
3. モラクセラ・カタラーリス感染 moraxella catarrhalis infections
4. 口唇裂傷の評価およびマネージメント assessment and management of lip lacerations
5. 小児における急性肝不全：病因および評価 acute liver failure in children etiology and evaluation

English Journal

PMID 25900161

Outpatient treatment for upper respiratory tract infections: an evaluation of factors associated with antibiotic misuse.

Schroeck JL1, Ruh CA1, Sellick JA Jr2, Ott MC3, Mattappallil A4, Mergenhagen KA5.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2015 Apr 13. pii: AAC.00652-15. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has promoted the appropriate use of antibiotics since 1995 when it initiated the National Campaign for Appropriate Antibiotic Use in the Community. This study examines upper respiratory tract infections included in the campaign to determine
PMID 25870064

Compatibility of medications during multi-infusion therapy: A controlled in vitro study on a multilumen infusion device.

Perez M1, Décaudin B2, Foinard A3, Barthélémy C3, Debaene B4, Lebuffe G5, Odou P1.
Anaesthesia critical care & pain medicine.Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med.2015 Apr 6. pii: S2352-5568(15)00036-3. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2014.06.003. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: Drug incompatibilities can jeopardize the safety and effectiveness of intravenous drug therapies, especially in the field of anaesthesia and intensive care. Patients receive many drugs simultaneously through limited venous accesses. This study was designed to confirm the impact of a multi
PMID 25858619

Japanese Journal

A case of rat bite fever caused by <i>Streptobacillus moniliformis</i>

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2016
NAID 130005252561

特発性皮膚薬物有害反応が疑われた猫の29例

獣医臨床皮膚科 21(3), 143-148, 2015
NAID 130005130345

Influence of the Protein-conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV7) and the Newly Developed Antimicrobials on the Incidence of Acute Otitis Media and the Frequency of Myringotomy

耳鼻咽喉科臨床　補冊 144(0), 12-13, 2015
NAID 130005110222

Related Pictures

Buy Amoxicillin Clavulanate 500/125mg - Order Online | You! Drugstore Augmentin - patient information, description, dosage and directions. What is Amoxicillin / Potassium Clavulanate? - GoodRx Amoxicillin 875 mg and Clavulanate Potassium 125 mg Tablet Rx Amoxicillin & Clavulanate Potassium Tablets, 500mg/125mg, 20 ct Amoxi Clav Suspension 250/62.5 mg 75ml

★リンクテーブル★

拡張検索	「amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium mixture」
関連記事	「clavulanate」

「amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium mixture」

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Combination of
Amoxicillin	Penicillin antibiotic
Clavulanic acid	Beta-lactamase inhibitor
Clinical data
Trade names	Augmentin, Clavamox, Tyclav, other
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a685024
Licence data	US FDA: Augmentin;
Pregnancy; category	AU: B1; US: B (No risk in non-human studies); ;
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only); CA: ℞-only; UK: POM (Prescription only); US: ℞-only;
Routes of; administration	oral, intravenous
Identifiers
CAS Number	74469-00-4
ATC code	J01CR02
PubChem	CID 6435923
ChemSpider	4940608
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1697738
(what is this?) (verify)

　　[★] アモキシシリン・クラブラン酸カリウム合剤

「clavulanate」

　　[★] クラブラン酸

関: clavulanate potassium、clavulanic acid、potassium clavulanate

[1] Gillies, M; Ranakusuma, A; Hoffmann, T; Thorning, S; McGuire, T; Glasziou, P; Del Mar, C (17 November 2014). "Common harms from amoxicillin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials for any indication.". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association / journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 187: E21–31. doi:10.1503/cmaj.140848. PMID 25404399.

[2] "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[BNF-3] British National Formulary (57 ed.). March 2009.

[Kucers-4] Gordon D (2010). "Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid (Co-Amoxiclav)". In Grayson ML et al (eds). Kucers' the Use of Antibiotics: a Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic and Antiviral Drugs. London: Hodder Arnold/ASM Press. pp. 193–4. ISBN 0-340-92767-4.

[5] Harr T, French LE (2010). "Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome". Orphanet Journal of Rare Disease 5: 39. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-5-39. PMC 3018455. PMID 21162721.

[6] US 4441609

[GSK-7] "Augmentin -- Prescribing Information" (PDF). December 2006.

[pmid3190988-8] Davies BE, Boon R, Horton R, Reubi FC, Descoeudres CE (October 1988). "Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid in haemodialysis patients following intravenous administration of Augmentin". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26 (4): 385–90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb03395.x. PMC 1386558. PMID 3190988.

[9] "Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)". Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2013-05-30.

[10] "Kennel Cough - Symptoms and Treatment". Retrieved 2013-05-30.

[11] Federation of Veterinarians in Europe Position Paper: "Antibiotic Resistance & Prudent Use of Antibiotics in Veterinary Medicine"

匿名

検索

案内

案内

amoxicillin/clavulanate