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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/27 00:16:34」(JST)

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Amoxapine (pronounced: a-mox-a-peen.^[3] Notable brand names include: Asendin, Asendis, Defanyl, Demolox. See here for more brand name information) is a tetracyclic antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine family, though it is often classified as a secondary amine tricyclic antidepressant. It is the N-demethylated metabolite of loxapine. It first received marketing approval in the US in 1992 (approximately thirty to forty years after most of the other tricyclic antidepressants were introduced in the US).^[3]

Medical uses

Amoxapine is used in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Compared to other antidepressants it is believed to have a faster onset of action, with therapeutic effects seen within four to seven days.^[4]^[5] In excess of 80% of patients that do respond to amoxapine are reported to respond within a fortnight of the beginning of treatment.^[6] It also has properties similar to those of the atypical antipsychotics,^[7]^[8]^[9] and may behave as one^[10]^[11] and may be used in the treatment of schizophrenia off-label. Despite its apparent lack of extrapyramidal side effects in patients with schizophrenia it has been found to exacerbate motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease psychosis.^[12]

Adverse effects

Adverse effects by incidence:^[1]^[13]
Note: Serious (that is, those that can either result in permanent injury or are irreversible or are potentially life-threatening) are written in bold text.
Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include:

Constipation
Dry mouth
Sedation

Common (1-10% incidence) adverse effects include:

Anxiety
Ataxia
Blurred vision
Confusion
Dizziness
Headache
Fatigue
Nausea
Nervousness/restlessness
Excessive appetite
Rash
Increased perspiration (sweating)
Tremor
Palpitations
Nightmares
Excitement
Weakness
ECG changes

Oedema. An abnormal accumulation of fluids in the tissues of the body leading to swelling.
Prolactin levels increased. Prolactin is a hormone that regulates the generation of breast milk. Prolactin elevation is not as significant as with risperidone or haloperidol.

Uncommon/Rare (<1% incidence) adverse effects include:

Diarrhoea
Flatulence
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Syncope (fainting)
Tachycardia (high heart rate)
Menstrual irregularity
Disturbance of accommodation
Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
Orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure that occurs upon standing up)
Seizure
Urinary retention (being unable to pass urine)
Urticaria (hives)
Vomiting
Nasal congestion
Photosensitization
Hypomania (a dangerously elated/irritable mood)
Tingling
Paresthesias of the extremities
Tinnitus
Disorientation
Numbness
Incoordination
Disturbed concentration
Epigastric distress
Peculiar taste in the mouth
Increased or decreased libido
Impotence (difficulty achieving an erection)
Painful ejaculation
Lacrimation (crying without an emotional cause)
Weight gain
Altered liver function
Breast enlargement
Drug fever
Pruritus (itchiness)

Vasculitis a disorder where blood vessels are destroyed by inflammation. Can be life-threatening if it affects the right blood vessels.
Galactorrhoea (lactation that is not associated with pregnancy or breast feeding)
Delayed micturition (that is, delays in urination from when a conscious effort to urinate is made)
Hyperthermia (elevation of body temperature; its seriousness depends on the extent of the hyperthermia)
Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) this is basically when the body's level of the hormone, antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the conservation of water and the restriction of blood vessels, is elevated. This is potentially fatal as it can cause electrolyte abnormalities including hyponatraemia (low blood sodium), hypokalaemia (low blood potassium) and hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium) which can be life-threatening.
Agranulocytosis a drop in white blood cell counts. The white blood cells are the cells of the immune system that fight off foreign invaders. Hence agranulocytosis leaves an individual open to life-threatening infections.
Leukopaenia the same as agranulocytosis but less severe.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (a potentially fatal reaction to antidopaminergic agents, most often antipsychotics. It is characterised by hyperthermia, diarrhoea, tachycardia, mental status changes [e.g. confusion], rigidity, extrapyramidal side effects)
Tardive dyskinesia a most often irreversible neurologic reaction to antidopaminergic treatment, characterised by involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, lips, and other muscles. It develops most often only after prolonged (months, years or even decades) exposure to antidopaminergics.
Extrapyramidal side effects. Motor symptoms such as tremor, parkinsonism, involuntary movements, reduced ability to move one's voluntary muscles, etc.

Unknown incidence or relationship to drug treatment adverse effects include:

Paralytic ileus (paralysed bowel)
Atrial arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Stroke
Heart block
Hallucinations
Purpura
Petechiae
Parotid swelling
Changes in blood glucose levels
Pancreatitis swelling of the pancreas
Hepatitis swelling of the liver
Urinary frequency
Testicular swelling
Anorexia (weight loss)
Alopecia (hair loss)

Thrombocytopenia a significant drop in platelet count that leaves one open to life-threatening bleeds.
Eosinophilia an elevated level of the eosinophils of the body. Eosinophils are the type of immune cell that's job is to fight off parasitic invaders.
Jaundice yellowing of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes due to an impaired ability of the body to clear the by product of haem breakdown, bilirubin, most often the result of liver damage as it is the liver's responsibility to clear bilirubin.

It tends to produce less anticholinergic effects, sedation and weight gain than some of the earlier tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine and trimipramine).^[14] It may also be less cardiotoxic than its predecessors.^[15]

Contraindications

As with all FDA-approved antidepressants it carries a black-box warning about the potential of an increase in suicidal thoughts or behaviour in children, adolescents and young adults under the age of 25.^[1] Its use is also advised against in individuals with known hypersensitivities to either amoxapine or other ingredients in its oral formulations.^[1] Its use is also recommended against in the following disease states:^[1]

Severe cardiovascular disorders (potential of cardiotoxic adverse effects such as QT interval prolongation)
Uncorrected narrow angle glaucoma
Acute recovery post-myocardial infarction

Its use is also advised against in individuals concurrently on monoamine oxidase inhibitors or if they have been on one in the past 14 days and in individuals on drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval (e.g. ondansetron, citalopram, pimozide, sertindole, ziprasidone, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, etc.).^[1]

Lactation

Its use in breastfeeding mothers not recommended as it is excreted in breast milk and the concentration found in breast milk is approximately a quarter that of the maternal serum level.^[4]^[16]

Overdose

It is considered particularly toxic in overdose,^[17] with a high rate of renal failure (which usually takes 2–5 days), rhabdomyolysis, coma, seizures and even status epilepticus.^[15] Some believe it to be less cardiotoxic than other tricyclic antidepressants in overdose, although reports of cardiotoxic overdoses have been made.^[4]^[13]

Pharmacodynamics

Amoxapine possesses a wide array of pharmacological effects. It is a moderate and strong reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively,^[18] and binds to the 5-HT_2A,^[19] 5-HT_2B,^[20] 5-HT_2C,^[19] 5-HT₃,^[21] 5-HT₆,^[22] 5-HT₇,^[22] D₂,^[23] α₁-adrenergic,^[23] D₃,^[24] D₄,^[24] and H₁ receptors^[23] with varying but significant affinity, where it acts as an antagonist (or inverse agonist depending on the receptor in question) at all sites. It has weak but negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter and the 5-HT_1A,^[21] 5-HT_1B,^[21] D₁,^[25] α₂-adrenergic,^[23] H₄,^[26] mACh,^[23] and GABA_A receptors,^[25] and no affinity for the β-adrenergic receptors or the allosteric benzodiazepine site on the GABA_A receptor.^[25] Amoxapine is also a weak GlyT2 blocker.^[27]

7-Hydroxyamoxapine, a major active metabolite of amoxapine, is a more potent dopamine receptor antagonist and contributes to its neuroleptic efficacy,^[7] whereas 8-hydroxyamoxapine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor but a stronger serotonin reuptake inhibitor and helps to balance amoxapine's ratio of serotonin to norepinephrine transporter blockade.^[28]

The data in the following table from obtained from the PDSP K_i database.^[29]^[30]

Molecular Target	Binding Affinity (K_i [nM])	Source
5-HT_2A	0.5	Human, Cloned
5-HT_2C	2	Rat, Cloned
5-HT₆	50	Human, Cloned
5-HT₇	40.2	Rat, Cloned
D₂	20.8	Human, Cloned
D₃	21	Human, Cloned
D₄	21	Human, Cloned
H₁	25	Human, Cloned
α₁	50	Human, Cloned
mAChRs	1000	Human, Cloned
DAT	4310	Human, Cloned
NET	16	Human, Cloned
SERT	58	Human, Cloned

Pharmacokinetics

Amoxapine is metabolised into two main active metabolites: 7-hydroxyamoxapine and 8-hydroxyamoxapine.^[31]

Amoxapine

7-hydroxyamoxapine

8-hydroxyamoxapine

Compound^[31]^[32]^[33]	t_1/2 (hr)^[34]	t_max (hr)	C_SS (ng/mL)	Protein binding^[1]	V_d^[1]	Excretion^[1]
Amoxapine	8	1-2	17-93 ng/mL (divided dosing), 13-209 ng/mL (single daily dosing)	90%	0.9-1.2 L/kg	Urine (60%), faeces (18%)
8-hydroxyamoxapine	30	5.3 (single dosing)	158-512 ng/mL (divided dosing), 143-593 ng/mL (single dose)	?	?	?
7-hydroxyamoxapine	6.5	2.6-5.4 (single dosing)	?	?	?	?

Where:
- t_1/2 is the elimination half life of the compound.
- t_max is the time to peak plasma levels after oral administration of amoxapine.
- C_SS is the steady state plasma concentration.
- protein binding is the extent of plasma protein binding.
- V_d is the volume of distribution of the compound.

Brand names

Brand names for amoxapine include (where † denotes discontinued brands):^[4]^[35]

Adisen (KR)
Amolife (IN)
Amoxan (JP)
Amoxapine (only generic formulations are available in the US at this point in time^[3])
Asendin† (previously marketed in CA, NZ, US)
Asendis† (previously marketed in IE, UK)
Défanyl (FR)
Demolox (DK†, IN, ES†)
Oxamine (IN)
Oxcap (IN)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Asendin, (amoxapine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b Kinney, JL; Evans, RL (September–October 1982). "Evaluation of amoxapine". Clinical Pharmacy 1 (5): 417–24. PMID 6764165.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Amoxapine: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings -Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Drugs.com. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Amoxapine. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press). 30 January 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Ban, TA; Fujimori, M; Petrie, WM; Ragheb, M; Wilson, WH (1982). "Systematic studies with amoxapine, a new antidepressant". International Pharmacopsychiatry 17 (1): 18–27. PMID 7045016.
^ Product Information: Asendin(R), amoxapine tablets. Physicians' Desk Reference (electronic version), MICROMEDEX, Inc, Englewood, CO, USA, 1999.
^ ^a ^b Cohen, BM; Harris, PQ; Altesman, RI; Cole, JO (September 1982). "Amoxapine: neuroleptic as well as antidepressant?". The American Journal of Psychiatry 139 (9): 1165–7. PMID 6126130.
^ Kapur, S; Cho, R; Jones, C; McKay, G; Zipursky, RB (May 1999). "Is amoxapine an atypical antipsychotic? positron-emission tomography investigation of its dopamine2 and serotonin2 occupancy". Biological Psychiatry 45 (9): 1217–1220. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00204-2. PMID 10331115.
^ Wadenberg, M-LG; Sills, TL; Fletcher, PJ; Kapur, S (April 2000). "Antipsychoticlike effects of amoxapine, without catalepsy, using the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex test in rats". Biological Psychiatry 47 (7): 670–676. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00267-X. PMID 10745061.
^ Apiquian, R; Fresan, A; Ulloa, RE; de la Fuente-Sandoval, C; Herrera-Estrella, M; Vazquez, A; Nicolini, H; Kapur, S (December 2005). "Amoxapine as an atypical antipsychotic: a comparative study vs risperidone". Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (12): 2236–2244. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300796. PMID 15956984.
^ Chaudhry, IB; Husain, N; Khan, S; Badshah, S; Deakin, B; Kapur, S (December 2007). "Amoxapine as an Antipsychotic: Comparative Study Versus Haloperidol". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 27 (6): 575–581. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815a4424. PMID 18004123.
^ Sa, DS; Kapur, S; Lang, AE (July–August 2001). "Amoxapine Shows an Antipsychotic Effect but Worsens Motor Function in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Psychosis". Clinical Neuropharmacology 24 (4): 242–244. doi:10.1097/00002826-200107000-00010. PMID 11479398.
^ ^a ^b "AMOXAPINE TABLET [WATSON LABORATORIES, INC.]". DailyMed. Watson Laboratories, Inc. July 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Side effects of antidepressant medications". UpToDate. Wolters Kluwer Health. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b Walker, R; Whittlesea, C, ed. (2007) [1994]. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-4293-5. edit
^ Gelenberg, AJ; Cooper, DS; Doller, JC; Maloof, F (October 1979). "Galactorrhea and Hyperprolactinemia Associated With Amoxapine Therapy". JAMA 242 (17): 1900–1901. doi:10.1001/jama.1979.03300170046029. PMID 573343.
^ White, N; Litovitz, T; Clancy, C (December 2008). "Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type". Journal of Medical Toxicology 4 (4): 238–250. doi:10.1007/BF03161207. PMC 3550116. PMID 19031375. edit
^ Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (December 1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology 340 (2–3): 249–58. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.
^ ^a ^b Pälvimäki EP, Roth BL, Majasuo H, et al. (August 1996). "Interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the serotonin 5-HT2c receptor". Psychopharmacology 126 (3): 234–40. doi:10.1007/BF02246453. PMID 8876023.
^ Glusa E, Pertz HH (June 2000). "Further evidence that 5-HT-induced relaxation of pig pulmonary artery is mediated by endothelial 5-HT2B receptors". British Journal of Pharmacology 130 (3): 692–8. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703341. PMC 1572101. PMID 10821800.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gozlan H, Saddiki-Traki F, Merahi N, Laguzzi R, Hamon M (December 1991). "[Preclinical pharmacology of amoxapine and amitriptyline. Implications of serotoninergic and opiodergic systems in their central effect in rats]". L'Encéphale (in French). 17 Spec No 3: 415–22. PMID 1666997.
^ ^a ^b Roth BL, Craigo SC, Choudhary MS, et al. (March 1994). "Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 and 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 268 (3): 1403–10. PMID 7908055.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Richelson E, Nelson A (July 1984). "Antagonism by antidepressants of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brain in vitro". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 230 (1): 94–102. PMID 6086881.
^ ^a ^b Burstein ES, Ma J, Wong S, et al. (December 2005). "Intrinsic efficacy of antipsychotics at human D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptors: identification of the clozapine metabolite N-desmethylclozapine as a D2/D3 partial agonist". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 315 (3): 1278–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.092155. PMID 16135699.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wei HB, Niu XY (1990). "[Comparison of the affinities of amoxapine and loxapine for various receptors in rat brain and the receptor down-regulation after chronic administration]". Yao Xue Xue Bao = Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica (in Chinese) 25 (12): 881–5. PMID 1966571.
^ Lim HD, van Rijn RM, Ling P, Bakker RA, Thurmond RL, Leurs R (September 2005). "Evaluation of histamine H1-, H2-, and H3-receptor ligands at the human histamine H4 receptor: identification of 4-methylhistamine as the first potent and selective H4 receptor agonist". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 314 (3): 1310–21. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.087965. PMID 15947036.
^ Harald Sitte; Michael Freissmuth (2 August 2006). Neurotransmitter Transporters. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 472–. ISBN 978-3-540-29784-0.
^ Midha KK, Hubbard JW, McKay G, Rawson MJ, Hsia D (September 1999). "The role of metabolites in a bioequivalence study II: amoxapine, 7-hydroxyamoxapine, and 8-hydroxyamoxapine". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 37 (9): 428–38. PMID 10507241.
^ National Institute of Mental Health. PDSD Ki Database (Internet) [cited 2013 Aug 3]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina. 1998-2013. Available from:http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php
^ Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional; 2010.
^ ^a ^b Jue, SG; Dawson, GW; Brogden, RN (July 1982). "Amoxapine: A Review of its Pharmacology and Efficacy in Depressed States". Drugs 24 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2165/00003495-198224010-00001. PMID 7049659.
^ Calvo, B; García, MJ; Pedraz, JL; Mariño, EL; Domínguez-Gil, A (April 1985). "Pharmacokinetics of amoxapine and its active metabolites". International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology 23 (4): 180–185. PMID 3997304.
^ Takeuchi, H; Yokota, S; Shimada, S; Ohtani, Y; Miura, S; Kubo, H (April 1993). "Pharmacokinetics of amoxapine and its active metabolites in healthy subjects". Current Therapeutic Research 53 (4): 427–434. doi:10.1016/S0011-393X(05)80202-4.
^ "Amoxapine Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Bethesda, MD, USA: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^ "Amoxapine -Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Drugs.com. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「アモキサピン」

Amoxapine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	2-chloro-11-(piperazin-1-yl)dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine
Clinical data
Trade names	Asendin, Asendis, Defanyl, Demolox
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a682202
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	US: C;
Legal status	AU: Prescription Only (S4); US: ℞-only;
Routes	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	>60%
Protein binding	90%
Metabolism	Hepatic (cytochrome P450 system)
Half-life	8–10 hours (30 hours for chief active metabolite)
Excretion	Renal (60%), faeces (18%)
Identifiers
CAS number	14028-44-5
ATC code	N06AA17
PubChem	CID 2170
IUPHAR ligand	201
DrugBank	DB00543
ChemSpider	2085
UNII	R63VQ857OT
KEGG	D00228
ChEBI	CHEBI:2675
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1113
Chemical data
Formula	C17H16ClN3O
Mol. mass	313.781 g/mol
	SMILES Clc2ccc1Oc4c(/N=C(\c1c2)N3CCNCC3)cccc4;
	InChI InChI=1S/C17H16ClN3O/c18-12-5-6-15-13(11-12)17(21-9-7-19-8-10-21)20-14-3-1-2-4-16(14)22-15/h1-6,11,19H,7-10H2 ; Key:QWGDMFLQWFTERH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(what is this?) (verify)

　　[★]

英: amoxapine
商: アモキサン
関: 抗精神病薬、抗うつ薬

第2世代三環系抗うつ薬。

[MSR-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Asendin, (amoxapine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

[pmid6764165-2] Kinney, JL; Evans, RL (September–October 1982). "Evaluation of amoxapine". Clinical Pharmacy 1 (5): 417–24. PMID 6764165.

[Drugs-3] "Amoxapine: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings -Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Drugs.com. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

[MD-4] Amoxapine. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press). 30 January 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

[5] Ban, TA; Fujimori, M; Petrie, WM; Ragheb, M; Wilson, WH (1982). "Systematic studies with amoxapine, a new antidepressant". International Pharmacopsychiatry 17 (1): 18–27. PMID 7045016.

[6] Product Information: Asendin(R), amoxapine tablets. Physicians' Desk Reference (electronic version), MICROMEDEX, Inc, Englewood, CO, USA, 1999.

[pmid6126130-7] Cohen, BM; Harris, PQ; Altesman, RI; Cole, JO (September 1982). "Amoxapine: neuroleptic as well as antidepressant?". The American Journal of Psychiatry 139 (9): 1165–7. PMID 6126130.

[8] Kapur, S; Cho, R; Jones, C; McKay, G; Zipursky, RB (May 1999). "Is amoxapine an atypical antipsychotic? positron-emission tomography investigation of its dopamine2 and serotonin2 occupancy". Biological Psychiatry 45 (9): 1217–1220. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00204-2. PMID 10331115.

[9] Wadenberg, M-LG; Sills, TL; Fletcher, PJ; Kapur, S (April 2000). "Antipsychoticlike effects of amoxapine, without catalepsy, using the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex test in rats". Biological Psychiatry 47 (7): 670–676. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00267-X. PMID 10745061.

[pmid15956984-10] Apiquian, R; Fresan, A; Ulloa, RE; de la Fuente-Sandoval, C; Herrera-Estrella, M; Vazquez, A; Nicolini, H; Kapur, S (December 2005). "Amoxapine as an atypical antipsychotic: a comparative study vs risperidone". Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (12): 2236–2244. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300796. PMID 15956984.

[11] Chaudhry, IB; Husain, N; Khan, S; Badshah, S; Deakin, B; Kapur, S (December 2007). "Amoxapine as an Antipsychotic: Comparative Study Versus Haloperidol". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 27 (6): 575–581. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815a4424. PMID 18004123.

[12] Sa, DS; Kapur, S; Lang, AE (July–August 2001). "Amoxapine Shows an Antipsychotic Effect but Worsens Motor Function in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Psychosis". Clinical Neuropharmacology 24 (4): 242–244. doi:10.1097/00002826-200107000-00010. PMID 11479398.

[DM-13] "AMOXAPINE TABLET [WATSON LABORATORIES, INC.]". DailyMed. Watson Laboratories, Inc. July 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

[UpToDate-14] "Side effects of antidepressant medications". UpToDate. Wolters Kluwer Health. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

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