WordNet
- street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
- any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
- having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"
- pertaining to or containing any of a group of organic compounds of nitrogen derived from ammonia (同)aminic
- the radical -NH2 (同)amino_group
- a neurochemical that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/13 11:58:26」(JST)
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Activity at an axon terminal: Neuron A is transmitting a signal at the axon terminal to neuron B (receiving). Features: 1. Mitochondrion. 2. synaptic vesicle with neurotransmitters. 3. Autoreceptor. 4. Synapse with neurotransmitter released (serotonin). 5. Postsynaptic receptors activated by neurotransmitter (induction of a postsynaptic potential). 6. Calcium channel. 7. Exocytosis of a vesicle. 8. Recaptured neurotransmitter. |
An amino acid neurotransmitter is an amino acid which is able to transmit a nerve message across a synapse. Neurotransmitters (chemicals) are packaged into vesicles that cluster beneath the axon terminal membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse in a process called endocytosis.[1] Amino acid neurotransmitter release (exocytosis) is dependent upon calcium Ca2+ and is a presynaptic response. There are inhibitory amino acids (IAA) or excitatory amino acids (EAA). Some EAA are L-Glutamate, L-Aspartate, L-Cysteine, and L-Homocysteine.[2] These neurotransmitter systems will activate post-synaptic cells.[3] Some IAA include GABA, Glycine, β-Alanine, and Taurine.[2] The IAA depress the activity of post-synaptic cells.[3]
See also
- Amino acid non-protein functions
- Monoamine neurotransmitter
References
- ^ "Axon Terminal : on Medical Dictionary Online". Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
- ^ a b Foye, William O.; Lemke, Thomas L. (2007). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. David A. Williams. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5.
- ^ a b D'haenen, Hugo; den Boer, Johan A. (2002). Biological Psychiatry (DIGITISED ONLINE BY GOOGLE BOOKS). Paul Willner. John Wiley and Sons. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-471-49198-9. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
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The encoded amino acid
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| General topics |
- Protein
- Peptide
- Genetic code
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| By properties |
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Aliphatic
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- Branched-chain amino acids (Valine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine)
- Methionine
- Alanine
- Proline
- Glycine
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Aromatic
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- Phenylalanine
- Tyrosine
- Tryptophan
- Histidine
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Polar, uncharged
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- Asparagine
- Glutamine
- Serine
- Threonine
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Positive charge (pKa)
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- Lysine (≈10.8)
- Arginine (≈12.5)
- Histidine (≈6.1)
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Negative charge (pKa)
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- Aspartic acid (≈3.9)
- Glutamic acid (≈4.1)
- Cysteine (≈8.3)
- Tyrosine (≈10.1)
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| Other classifications |
- Essential amino acid
- Ketogenic amino acid
- Glucogenic amino acid
- Non-proteinogenic amino acid
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Index of biochemical families
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| Carbohydrates |
- Alcohols
- Glycoproteins
- Glycosides
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| Lipids |
- Eicosanoids
- Fatty acids
- Glycerides
- Phospholipids
- Sphingolipids
- Steroids
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| Nucleic acids |
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| Proteins |
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| Other |
- Tetrapyrroles
- intermediates
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Cell physiology: Cell signaling / Signal transduction
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| Signaling pathways |
- GPCR
- RTK
- Notch
- JAK-STAT
- Akt/PKB
- Fas apoptosis
- Hippo
- PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
- Integrin receptors
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| Agents |
| Receptor ligands |
- Hormones
- Neurotransmitters/Neuropeptides/Neurohormones
- Cytokines
- Growth factors
- Signaling molecules
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| Receptors |
- Cell surface
- Intracellular
- Co-receptor
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| 2nd messenger |
- cAMP-dependent pathway
- Ca2+ signaling
- Lipid signaling
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| Assistants: |
- Signal transducing adaptor protein
- Scaffold protein
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| Transcription factors |
- General
- Transcription preinitiation complex
- TFIID
- TFIIH
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| By distance |
- Juxtacrine
- Autocrine / Paracrine
- Endocrine
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| Other concepts |
- Intracrine action
- Neurocrine signaling
- Synaptic transmission
- Chemical synapse
- Neuroendocrine signaling
- Exocrine signalling
- Mechanotransduction
- Phototransduction
- Ion channel gating
- Gap junction
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Index of signal transduction
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| Description |
- Intercellular
- neuropeptides
- growth factors
- cytokines
- hormones
- Cell surface receptors
- ligand-gated
- enzyme-linked
- G protein-coupled
- immunoglobulin superfamily
- integrins
- neuropeptide
- growth factor
- cytokine
- Intracellular
- adaptor proteins
- GTP-binding
- MAP kinase
- Calcium signaling
- Lipid signaling
- Pathways
- hedgehog
- Wnt
- TGF beta
- MAPK ERK
- notch
- JAK-STAT
- apoptosis
- hippo
- TLR
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Neurotransmitter systems
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| Acetylcholine |
- Nucleus basalis of Meynert → Neocortex
- Septal nuclei (Medial septal nucleus) → Fornix → Hippocampus
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| BA/M |
| Dopaminergic pathways |
- Mesocortical pathway: Ventral tegmental area → Prefrontal cortices
- Mesolimbic pathway: Ventral tegmental area → Nucleus accumbens
- Nigrostriatal pathway: Substantia nigra pars compacta → Caudate nucleus and putamen
- Tuberoinfundibular pathway: Hypothalamus (Infundibular nucleus) → Pituitary gland (Median eminence)
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| Norepinephrine |
- Locus coeruleus
- Lateral tegmental field
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| Serotonin pathways |
- Raphe nuclei
- Anterior raphespinal tract
- Lateral raphespinal tract
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| AA |
| Aspartate |
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| GABA |
- Globus pallidus
- Tail of the ventral tegmental area
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| Glycine |
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| Glutamate |
- Thalamus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Globus pallidus
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Index of the central nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Exercise but not (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate or β-alanine enhances physical fitness, brain plasticity, and behavioral performance in mice.
- Bhattacharya TK1, Pence BD2, Ossyra JM1, Gibbons TE3, Perez S1, McCusker RH4, Kelley KW5, Johnson RW5, Woods JA6, Rhodes JS7.
- Physiology & behavior.Physiol Behav.2015 Jun 1;145:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.023. Epub 2015 Mar 19.
- Nutrition and physical exercise can enhance cognitive function but the specific combinations of dietary bioactives that maximize pro-cognitive effects are not known nor are the contributing neurobiological mechanisms. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a flavonoid constituent of many plants with h
- PMID 25797079
- Simultaneous analysis of multiple neurotransmitters by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
- Tufi S1, Lamoree M2, de Boer J2, Leonards P2.
- Journal of chromatography. A.J Chromatogr A.2015 May 22;1395:79-87. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.056. Epub 2015 Mar 30.
- Neurotransmitters are endogenous metabolites that allow the signal transmission across neuronal synapses. Their biological role is crucial for many physiological functions and their levels can be changed by several diseases. Because of their high polarity, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatograp
- PMID 25869798
- LC-MS/MS based studies on the anti-depressant effect of hypericin in the chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model.
- Zhai XJ1, Chen F1, Chen C1, Zhu CR1, Lu YN2.
- Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2015 May 6. pii: S0378-8741(15)00319-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.053. [Epub ahead of print]
- ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum, SJW) is a widely used herbal medicine in western countries but also an important Uygur drug in China. Hypericin (HY) is the main components in SJW extracts，which is used to treat fatigue, weakness, and mild depression. The aim o
- PMID 25957811
Japanese Journal
- Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1-Mediated L-Glutamate Transport at the Inner Blood–Retinal Barrier: Possible Role in L-Glutamate Elimination from the Retina
- Effects of sub-chronic exposure to deltamethrin on shuttle-box avoidance and contents of amino acid neurotransmitters in hippocampus of mice
Related Links
- Learn what a neurotransmitter is and how amino acid therapy helps. ... Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that help relay information throughout the body. They transmit information through nerve cells called neurons.
- Glycine is the main neurotransmitter that mediates the inhibitory actions of spinal cord interneurons. It is also present in lower amounts throughout the nervous system. Glycine is synthesized from serine in the mitochondria (Figure 13 ...
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- 英
- amino acid neurotransmitter
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神経伝達物質
- 同
- neurotransmitters, defects in neurologic disease
