WordNet
- first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star"
- the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
- the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations
- early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version"
- lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin (同)haemolysis, hematolysis, haematolysis
- any high mountain
PrepTutorEJDIC
- アルファ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第1字A,α;英語のA,aに相当) / アルファ星(星座の主星)
- 高山,高峰
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/10 04:10:44」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Hemolyses of Streptococcus spp.
(left) α-hemolysis (S. mitis);
(middle) β-hemolysis (S. pyogenes);
(right) γ-hemolysis (= non-hemolytic,
S. salivarius)
Hemolysis (or haemolysis in British English) is the breakdown of red blood cells. The ability of bacterial colonies to induce hemolysis when grown on blood agar is used to classify certain microorganisms. This is particularly useful in classifying streptococcal species. A substance that causes hemolysis is a hemolysin.
Contents
- 1 Types
- 1.1 Alpha
- 1.2 Beta
- 1.3 Gamma
- 2 Hemedigestion
- 3 Notes
- 4 References
Types
Alpha
When alpha hemolysis (α-hemolysis) is present, the agar under the colony is dark and greenish. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci (Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci) display alpha hemolysis. This is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. Other synonymous terms are incomplete hemolysis and partial hemolysis. Alpha hemolysis is caused by hydrogen peroxide produced by the bacterium, oxidizing hemoglobin to green methemoglobin.
Beta
Beta hemolysis (β-hemolysis), sometimes called complete hemolysis, is a complete lysis of red cells in the media around and under the colonies: the area appears lightened (yellow) and transparent. Streptolysin, an exotoxin, is the enzyme produced by the bacteria which causes the complete lysis of red blood cells. There are two types of streptolysin: Streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S (SLS). Streptolysin O is an oxygen-sensitive cytotoxin, secreted by most Group A streptococcus (GAS), and interacts with cholesterol in the membrane of eukaryotic cells (mainly red and white blood cells, macrophages, and platelets), and usually results in β-hemolysis under the surface of blood agar. Streptolysin S is an oxygen-stable cytotoxin also produced by most GAS strains which results in clearing on the surface of blood agar. SLS affects immune cells, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, and is thought to prevent the host immune system from clearing infection. Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A beta-hemolytic Strep (GAS), displays beta hemolysis.
Some weakly beta-hemolytic species cause intense beta hemolysis when grown together with a strain of Staphylococcus. This is called the CAMP test.[1] Streptococcus agalactiae displays this property. Clostridium perfringens can be identified presumptively with this test. Listeria monocytogenes is also positive on sheep's blood agar.
Gamma
If an organism does not induce hemolysis, the agar under and around the colony is unchanged, and the organism is called non-hemolytic or said to display gamma hemolysis (γ-hemolysis). Enterococcus faecalis (formerly called "Group D Strep") displays gamma hemolysis.
Hemedigestion
This is the nonspecific killing of blood cells by metabolic by-products of bacteria. This can be seen on a blood agar plate, when the blood surrounding the confluent part of your streak turns green, but there is no change around single colonies. Hemedigestion is seen with the cholera-causing bacteria, Vibrio cholerae.
Notes
- ^ The CAMP test is so called from the initials of those who initially described it, R. Christie, N. E. Atkins, and E. Munch-Peterson. It distinguishes Streptococcus agalactiae from the others.
References
- Ray, C. George; Ryan, Kenneth J.; Kenneth, Ryan (July 2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. LCCN 2003054180. OCLC 52358530.
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- Nanoparticles incorporating pH-responsive surfactants as a viable approach to improve the intracellular drug delivery.
- Nogueira DR1, Scheeren LE2, Pilar Vinardell M3, Mitjans M3, Rosa Infante M4, Rolim CM2.
- Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2015 Dec 1;57:100-6. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.036. Epub 2015 Jul 26.
- The pH-responsive delivery systems have brought new advances in the field of functional nanodevices and might allow more accurate and controllable delivery of specific cargoes, which is expected to result in promising applications in different clinical therapies. Here we describe a family of chitosa
- PMID 26354244
- Induction of eryptosis by low concentrations of E. coli alpha-hemolysin.
- Velásquez FC1, Maté S1, Bakás L2, Herlax V3.
- Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Nov;1848(11 Pt A):2779-88. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.08.012. Epub 2015 Aug 21.
- Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli deliver the toxin alpha-hemolysin (HlyA) to optimize the host environment for the spread of infection. It was reported that at high concentrations, the toxin forms pores in eukaryotic membranes, leading to cell lysis, while lower concentrations have appeared
- PMID 26301569
- A novel method for quantification of human hemoglobin from dried blood spots by use of tandem mass spectrometry.
- Yu C1,2,3,4, Zhang J1,2,3,4, Yuan Z1,2,3,4, Liu H1,2,3,4, Wang X1,2,3,4, Wang M1,2,3,4, Zou L5,6,7,8.
- Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.Anal Bioanal Chem.2015 Oct;407(26):8121-7. doi: 10.1007/s00216-015-8988-4. Epub 2015 Sep 7.
- Quantification of human hemoglobin (Hb) is essential for diagnosis of anemia, especially for screening for thalassemia and sickle cell disease. The main methods currently used for quantification of Hb, including spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, and electrochemical assays, are all based on the structu
- PMID 26345440
Japanese Journal
- Indolo[3,2-<i>b</i>]quinoline Derivatives Suppressed the Hemolytic Activity of Beta-Pore Forming Toxins, Aerolysin-Like Hemolysin Produced by <i>Aeromonas sobria</i> and Alpha-Hemolysin Produced by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
- Amplification of Light-induced Molecular-Shape Change by Supramolecular Machines
- Journal of photopolymer science and technology 25(5), 655-658, 2012
- NAID 40019347433
- Amplification of Light-induced Molecular-Shape Change by Supramolecular Machines
- Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 25(5), 655-658, 2012
- NAID 130004833493
Related Links
- alpha hemolysis, the development of a greenish zone around a bacterial colony growing on blood agar, characteristic of pneumococci and certain streptococci and caused by the partial decomposition of hemoglobin. Compare beta ...
- hemolysis [he-mol´ĭ-sis] rupture of erythrocytes with release of hemoglobin into the plasma. Some microbes form substances called hemolysins that have the specific action of destroying red blood cells; the beta-hemolytic ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
α、アルファ
- 関
- alfa