alpha-1 receptor

α1受容体、α1レセプター

WordNet

1. first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star"
2. the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
3. the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations
4. early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version"
5. a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
6. any high mountain

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. アルファ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第1字A,α;英語のA,aに相当) / アルファ星(星座の主星)
2. =sense organ / 受信装置
3. 高山,高峰

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/01 13:43:05」(JST)

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See also: Adrenergic receptor

The alpha-1 (α₁) adrenergic receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the G_q heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, including α_1A-, α_1B-, and α_1D-adrenergic. Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α₁-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Effects

The α₁-adrenergic receptor has several general functions in common with the α₂-adrenergic receptor, but also has specific effects of its own. α1-receptors primarily mediate smooth muscle contraction, but have important functions elsewhere as well. The neurotransmitter noradrenaline has higher affinity for the α1 receptor than does adrenaline (which is a hormone).

Smooth muscle

In smooth muscle cells of blood vessels the principal effect of activation of these receptors is vasoconstriction. Blood vessels with α₁-adrenergic receptors are present in the skin, the sphincters of gastrointestinal system, kidney (renal artery) and brain. During the fight-or-flight response vasoconstriction results in decreased blood flow to these organs. This accounts for the pale appearance of the skin of an individual when frightened.

It also induces contraction of the urinary bladder, although this effect is minor compared to the relaxing effect of β₂-adrenergic receptors. In other words, the overall effect of sympathetic stimuli on the bladder is relaxation, in order to inhibit micturition upon anticipation of a stressful event. Other effects on smooth muscle are contraction in:

• Ureter
• Hairs (arrector pili muscles)
• Uterus (when pregnant)
• Urethral sphincter
• Bronchioles (although minor to the relaxing effect of β₂ receptor on bronchioles)
• Iris dilator muscle
• Seminal tract, resulting in ejaculation

Neuronal

Activation of α₁-adrenergic receptors produces anorexia and partially mediates the efficacy of appetite suppressants like phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine in the treatment of obesity. Norepinephrine has been shown to decrease cellular excitability in all layers of the temporal cortex, including the primary auditory cortex. In particular, norepinephrine decreases glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials by the activation of α₁-adrenergic receptors.

Other

• Both positive and negative inotropic effects on heart muscle
• Secretion from salivary gland
• Increase salivary potassium levels
• Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from adipose tissue and liver.
• Secretion from sweat glands
• Na⁺ reabsorption from kidney
  • Stimulate proximal tubule NHE3
  • Stimulate proximal tubule basolateral Na-K ATPase
• Activate mitogenic responses and regulate growth and proliferation of many cells
• Involved in the detection of mechanical feedback on the hypoglossal motor neurons which allow a long-term facilitation in respiration in response to repeated apneas.

Signaling cascade

α₁-Adrenergic receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Upon activation, a heterotrimeric G protein, G_q, activates phospholipase C (PLC), which causes an increase in IP₃ and calcium. This triggers further effects, primarily through the activation of an enzyme Protein Kinase C. This enzyme, as a kinase, functions by phosphorylation of other enzymes causing their activation, or by phosphorylation of certain channels leading to the increase or decrease of electrolyte transfer in or out of the cell.

Activity during exercise

During exercise, α₁-adrenergic receptors in active muscles are attenuated in an exercise intensity-dependent manner, allowing the β₂-adrenergic receptors which mediate vasodilation to dominate. In contrast to α₂-adrenergic receptors, α₁-adrenergic-receptors in the arterial vasculature of skeletal muscle are more resistant to inhibition, and attenuation of α1-adrenergic-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction only occurs during heavy exercise.

Note that only active muscle α₁-adrenergic receptors will be blocked. Resting muscle will not have its α₁-adrenergic receptors blocked, and hence the overall effect will be α₁-adrenergic-mediated vasoconstriction.

Ligands

Agonists

• Cirazoline (vasoconstrictor)
• Methoxamine (vasoconstrictor)
• Synephrine (mild vasoconstrictor)
• Etilefrine (antihypotensive)
• Midodrine (antihypotensive)
• Metaraminol (antihypotensive)
• Naphazoline (decongestant)
• Oxymetazoline (decongestant)
• Pseudoephedrine (decongestant)
• Phenylephrine (decongestant)
• Tetrahydrozoline (decongestant)
• Xylometazoline (decongestant)
• Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus)
• Desvenlafaxine

Antagonists

• Alfuzosin (used in benign prostatic hyperplasia)
• Arotinolol
• Carvedilol (used in congestive heart failure; it is a non-selective beta blocker)
• Doxazosin (used in hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia)
• Indoramin
• Labetalol (used in hypertension; it is a mixed alpha/beta adrenergic antagonist)
• Moxisylyte
• Phenoxybenzamine
• Phentolamine (used in hypertensive emergencies; it is a nonselective alpha-antagonist)
• Prazosin (used in hypertension)
• Quetiapine
• Risperidone
• Silodosin
• Tamsulosin (used in benign prostatic hyperplasia)
• Terazosin
• Tolazoline
• Trimazosin

Various heterocyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics are α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonists as well. This action is generally undesirable in such agents and mediates side effects like orthostatic hypotension, and headaches due to excessive vasodilation.

See also

• Adrenergic receptor

References

External links

• "Adrenoceptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 

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English Journal

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• PMID 23169547

Japanese Journal

• Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha regulates branching morphogenesis during kidney development

• Tsuji Kenji,Kitamura Shinji,Makino Hirofumi
• Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 447(1), 108-114, 2014-04-25
• … In addition, the mRNA levels of GDNF and GDNF receptor (GFR-alpha l), increased under hypoxic conditions in E13K5. … When we cultured E13Ks( with the HIF-1 alpha inhibitor digoxin or with siRNA targeting HIF-l alpha under hypoxic conditions, we did not observe increased UB branching. …
• NAID 120005526618

• 仙髄神経領域の帯状疱疹により排尿障害を合併した高齢患者の4例

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• 泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 60(2), 87-90, 2014-02
• … 9%1). … Moreover, the onset rate of herpes zoster with urinary dysfunction is 0.6%1). … All patients were elderly people (66-84 years old), and all patients were administered anti-virus drugs and alpha 1-adrenergic receptor blockers. …
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• 当科のセツキシマブ投与によるInfusion reaction発現に関する検討

• 吉田 正,鵜久森 徹,三谷 壮平,富所 雄一,山田 啓之,羽藤 直人
• 頭頸部癌 40(4), 485-489, 2014
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• NAID 130004940781

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