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any compound containing a chlorine atom
any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion)

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塩化物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/12 16:31:16」(JST)

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Alcuronium is a neuromuscular blocking (NMB) agent, alternatively referred to as a skeletal muscle relaxant. It is a semi-synthetic substance prepared from C-toxiferine I,^[1] a bis-quaternary alkaloid obtained from Strychnos toxifera. C-toxiferine I itself has been tested for its pharmacological action and noted to be a very long acting neuromuscular blocking agent^[2] For a formal definition of the durations of actions associated with NMB agents, see page for gantacurium. The replacement of both the N-methyl groups with N-allyl moieties yielded N,N-diallyl-bis-nortoxiferine, now recognized as alcuornium (and at one time marketed as the proprietary agent called Alloferin).

Inclusion of the allylic functions presented an enhanced potential area of biotransformation, and thus alcuronium is observed to have a much shorter duration of neuromuscular blocking action than its parent C-toxiferine I.^[3] It also has a more rapid onset of action, and is ~1.5 times as potent as tubocurarine.^[4] The pharmacological action of alcuronium is readily reversed by neostigmine, and it produced little histamine release.^[5] The major disadvantage of alcuronium is that it elicits a vagolytic effect produced by a selective atropoine-like blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors.^[4]^[6]^[7]

Effects[edit source | edit]

Cardiovascular system: histamine release and blockage of the sympathetic ganglia including adrenal medulla could cause hypotension
Respiratory: apnea due to phrenic blockage but bronchoconstriction can occur from the histamine release
Central nervous system: no effect on intraoccular pressure
Autonomic ganglion blockade can cause decrease in gut motility

Special points[edit source | edit]

Duration of action prolonged in states of low potassium, calcium and protein, also in states of high magnesium and acidosis.
Pharmaceutically incompatible with thiopentone
Infusion can cause fixed dilated pupils

References[edit source | edit]

^ Foldes FF (1954). Br. J. Anaesth 26: 394.
^ Waser PG (1950). Helv. Physiol. Pharmacol. Acta 8: 342.
^ Martin-Smith M (1971), In: Ariens EJ (ed.), "Drug Design". Vol. 2. Academic Press. New York and London. pp.453-530.
^ ^a ^b Speight TM, Avery GS (1972). Drugs 4: 163.
^ Thompson MA (1980). Br. J. Hosp Med 23: 153.
^ Coleman AJ, Downing JW, Leary WP, Moyes DG, Styles M. (1972). Anaesthesia 27: 415.
^ Hughes R, Chapple DJ. (1976). Br. J. Anaesth 48: 59.

Zahn K, Eckstein N, Tränkle C, Sadée W, Mohr K (2002). "Allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptor signaling: alcuronium-induced conversion of pilocarpine from an agonist into an antagonist". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301 (2): 720–8. doi:10.1124/jpet.301.2.720. PMID 11961078.
Maass A, Mohr K (1996). "Opposite effects of alcuronium on agonist and on antagonist binding to muscarinic receptors". Eur J Pharmacol 305 (1-3): 231–4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(96)00240-3. PMID 8813558.
Jakubík J, Tucek S (1994). "Protection by alcuronium of muscarinic receptors against chemical inactivation and location of the allosteric binding site for alcuronium". J Neurochem 63 (5): 1932–40. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63051932.x. PMID 7931349.
Proska J, Tucek S (1994). "Mechanisms of steric and cooperative actions of alcuronium on cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptors". Mol Pharmacol 45 (4): 709–17. PMID 8183250.

UpToDate Contents

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4. 代謝性アルカローシスの病因 pathogenesis of metabolic alkalosis
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English Journal

Other drugs acting on nervous system associated with QT-interval prolongation.

Keller GA, Ponte ML, Di Girolamo G.SourcePharmacovigilance Unit, Second Chair of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. catedra2@farmaco-vigilancia.com.ar
Current drug safety.Curr Drug Saf.2010 Jan;5(1):105-11.
Several drugs acting on the nervous system have been implicated in the prolongation of the QT interval. Leaving aside the antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs, some have shown to prolong the QT interval in vivo. These include opioids, particularly methadone, inhalational anesthetics, and some prep
PMID 20210727

The impact of orthosteric radioligand depletion on the quantification of allosteric modulator interactions.

Avlani VA, McLoughlin DJ, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A.SourceDrug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2008 Jun;325(3):927-34. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.136978. Epub 2008 Mar 5.
Radioligand binding assays remain a common method for quantifying the effects of allosteric modulators at G protein-coupled receptors. The allosteric ternary complex model (ATCM) is the simplest model applied to derive estimates of modulator affinity (K(B)) and cooperativity (alpha), which are neces
PMID 18322151

Japanese Journal

マイクロコンピュータを用いた筋ち緩薬投与の自動制御

内田整,奥史郎,奥村福一郎
日本臨床麻酔学会誌 6(3), 275-279, 1986
… 薬剤は alcuronium, 制御アルゴリズムはON/OFF動作を採用した. … 制御中に投与された alcuronium 量は平均1.2μg/kg/minで, 制御時間にほぼ比例した. …
NAID 130003582137

小児におけるalcuronium chloride(Dialferin)およびpancuronium bromideの循環動態に及ぼす影響

根岸孝明 [他]
麻酔 29(5), p449-457, 1980-05
NAID 40003555000

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アルクロニウム」
関連記事	「chloride」

「アルクロニウム」

Alcuronium chloride
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	4,4'-Didemethyl-4,4'-di-propenyltoxiferin-1-dichloride
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	?
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	not metabolized
Excretion	70–90% unchanged in urine 1.3ml/kg/min t1/2 2–4 hours
Identifiers
CAS number	23214-96-2
ATC code	M03AA01
PubChem	CID 5311001
IUPHAR ligand	341
ChemSpider	20118193
UNII	490DW6501Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:31185
Chemical data
Formula	C44H50N4O2+2
Mol. mass	666.894 g/mol
	SMILES [Cl-].[Cl-].OC\C=C6\C[N@+]4(CC=C)CC[C@@]58c%11ccccc%11N7\C=C9\[C@H]1C[C@H]2[C@@]%10(CC[N@@+]2(CC=C)C\C1=C\CO)c3ccccc3N(/C=C(/[C@H]6C[C@H]45)[C@H]78)[C@@H]9%10;
	InChI InChI=1S/C44H50N4O2.2ClH/c1-3-17-47-19-15-43-35-9-5-7-11-37(35)45-26-34-32-24-40-44(16-20-48(40,18-4-2)28-30(32)14-22-50)36-10-6-8-12-38(36)46(42(34)44)25-33(41(43)45)31(23-39(43)47)29(27-47)13-21-49;;/h3-14,25-26,31-32,39-42,49-50H,1-2,15-24,27-28H2;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2/b29-13-,30-14-,33-25-,34-26-;;/t31-,32-,39-,40-,41-,42-,43+,44+,47-,48-;;/m0../s1 ; Key:CPYGBGOXCJJJGC-GKLGUMFISA-L ;
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　　[★]

英: alcuronium
同: 塩化アルノルトキシフェリン allnortoxiferin chloride、塩化ジアリルノルトキシフェリン diallylnortoxiferine chloride
化: 塩化アルクロニウム alcuronium chloride

筋弛緩薬;クラーレ系;神経筋遮断薬;競合性

「chloride」

　　[★] 塩素イオン　　　

[1] Foldes FF (1954). Br. J. Anaesth 26: 394.

[2] Waser PG (1950). Helv. Physiol. Pharmacol. Acta 8: 342.

[3] Martin-Smith M (1971), In: Ariens EJ (ed.), "Drug Design". Vol. 2. Academic Press. New York and London. pp.453-530.

[Speight-4] Speight TM, Avery GS (1972). Drugs 4: 163.

[5] Thompson MA (1980). Br. J. Hosp Med 23: 153.

[6] Coleman AJ, Downing JW, Leary WP, Moyes DG, Styles M. (1972). Anaesthesia 27: 415.

[7] Hughes R, Chapple DJ. (1976). Br. J. Anaesth 48: 59.

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案内

alcuronium chloride