| glutamic-pyruvate transaminase |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
GPT |
| Entrez |
2875 |
| HUGO |
4552 |
| OMIM |
138200 |
| RefSeq |
NM_005309 |
| UniProt |
P24298 |
| Other data |
| EC number |
2.6.1.2 |
| Locus |
Chr. 8 q24.2-qter |
| Alanine transaminase |
| Identifiers |
| EC number |
2.6.1.2 |
| CAS number |
9000-86-6 |
| Databases |
| IntEnz |
IntEnz view |
| BRENDA |
BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy |
NiceZyme view |
| KEGG |
KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc |
metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM |
profile |
| PDB structures |
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology |
AmiGO / EGO |
| Search |
| PMC |
articles |
| PubMed |
articles |
| NCBI |
proteins |
|
Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.2). It is also called alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and was formerly called serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). ALT is found in plasma and in various body tissues, but is most common in the liver. It catalyzes the two parts of the alanine cycle. Serum ALT level, serum AST (aspartate transaminase) level, and their ratio (AST/ALT ratio) are commonly measured clinically as biomarkers for liver health. The tests are part of blood panels.
Contents
- 1 Function
- 2 Clinical significance
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Function
ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to α-ketoglutarate, the products of this reversible transamination reaction being pyruvate and L-glutamate.
- L-glutamate + pyruvate ⇌ α-ketoglutarate + L-alanine
ALT (and all transaminases) require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first phase of the reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid.
Clinical significance
ALT is commonly measured clinically as a part of a diagnostic evaluation of hepatocellular injury, to determine liver health. When used in diagnostics, it is almost always measured in international units/liter (IU/L).[1][2] While sources vary on specific reference range values for patients, 10-40 IU/L is the standard reference range for experimental studies.[1] Alanine transaminase shows a marked diurnal variation.[citation needed]
The ratio of ALT to AST (aspartate transaminase) also has clinical significance.
Elevated levels
Test results should always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that produced the result. However typical reference intervals for ALT are:
| Patient type |
Reference ranges[3] |
| Female |
≤ 34 IU/L |
| Male |
≤ 52 IU/L |
Significantly elevated levels of ALT (SGPT) often suggest the existence of other medical problems such as viral hepatitis, diabetes, congestive heart failure, liver damage, bile duct problems, infectious mononucleosis, or myopathy, so ALT is commonly used as a way of screening for liver problems. Elevated ALT may also be caused by dietary choline deficiency. However, elevated levels of ALT do not automatically mean that medical problems exist. Fluctuation of ALT levels is normal over the course of the day, and they can also increase in response to strenuous physical exercise.[4]
When elevated ALT levels are found in the blood, the possible underlying causes can be further narrowed down by measuring other enzymes. For example, elevated ALT levels due to hepatocyte damage can be distinguished from bile duct problems by measuring alkaline phosphatase. Also, myopathy-related ALT levels can be ruled out by measuring creatine kinase enzymes. Many drugs may elevate ALT levels, including Zileuton, omega-3-acid ethyl esters (Lovaza),[5] anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, cholesterol medications, some antipsychotics such as risperidone, and anticonvulsants.[citation needed]. Paracetamol may also elevate ALT levels.[6]
For years, the American Red Cross used ALT testing as part of the battery of tests to ensure the safety of its blood supply by deferring donors with elevated ALT levels. The intent was to identify donors potentially infected with hepatitis C because no specific test for that disease was available at the time. Prior to July 1992, widespread blood donation testing in the USA for hepatitis C was not carried out by major blood banks. With the introduction of second-generation ELISA antibody tests for hepatitis C, the Red Cross changed the ALT policy. As of July 2003[update], donors previously disqualified for elevated ALT levels and no other reason may be reinstated as donors by contacting the donor-counseling department of their regional Red Cross organization.[7]
See also
- Aspartate transaminase
- Liver function tests
References
- ^ a b Wang, CS; Chang, Ting-Tsung; Yao, Wei-Jen; Wang, Shan-Tair; Chou, Pesus (2012). "Impact of increasing alanine aminotransferase levels within normal range on incident diabetes". J Formos Med Assoc 111 (4): 201–8. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2011.04.004. PMID 22526208.
- ^ Ghouri, N; Preiss, David; Sattar, Naveed (2010). "Liver enzymes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and incident cardiovascular disease: a narrative review and clinical perspective of prospective data". Hepatology 52 (3): 1156–61. doi:10.1002/hep.23789. PMID 20658466.
- ^ "Alanine aminotransferase: analyte monograph" (PDF). Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ Paul T. Giboney M.D., Mildly Elevated Liver Transaminase Levels in the Asymptomatic Patient, American Family Physician.
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2683599/?tool=pmcentrez Omega-3-acid Ethyl Esters (Lovaza) For Severe Hypertriglyceridemia, Pharmacy and Pherapeutics.
- ^ Watkins PB, Kaplowitz N, Slattery JT et al. (July 2006). "Aminotransferase elevations in healthy adults receiving 4 grams of acetaminophen daily: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 296 (1): 87–93. doi:10.1001/jama.296.1.87. PMID 16820551.
- ^ Red Cross Donor Requirements
External links
- Alanine transaminase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ALT: analyte monograph; The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at Lab Tests Online
|
Transferase: nitrogenous groups (EC 2.6)
|
|
| 2.6.1: Transaminases |
- Aspartate transaminase
- Alanine transaminase
- GABA transaminase
- Tyrosine aminotransferase
- Ornithine aminotransferase
- Branched chain aminotransferase
- Alanine—glyoxylate transaminase
|
|
| 2.6.3: Oximinotransferases |
|
|
| 2.6.99: Other |
- Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase
|
|
- Biochemistry overview
- Enzymes overview
- By EC number: 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
|
|
|
|
|
Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis enzymes
|
|
| Glycolysis |
- Hexokinase (HK1, HK2, HK3, Glucokinase)→/Glucose 6-phosphatase←
- Glucose isomerase
- Phosphofructokinase 1 (Liver, Muscle, Platelet)→/Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase←
|
|
- Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Aldolase A, B, C)
- Triosephosphate isomerase
|
|
- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Phosphoglycerate kinase
- Phosphoglycerate mutase
- Enolase
- Pyruvate kinase (PKLR, PKM2)
|
|
|
| Gluconeogenesis only |
| to oxaloacetate: |
- Pyruvate carboxylase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
|
|
| from lactate (Cori cycle): |
|
|
| from alanine (Alanine cycle): |
|
|
| from glycerol: |
- Glycerol kinase
- Glycerol dehydrogenase
|
|
|
| Regulatory |
- Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
- PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, PFKFB4
- Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
|
|
|
Index of inborn errors of metabolism
|
|
| Description |
- Metabolism
- Enzymes and pathways: citric acid cycle
- pentose phosphate
- glycoproteins
- glycosaminoglycans
- phospholipid
- cholesterol and steroid
- sphingolipids
- eicosanoids
- amino acid
- urea cycle
- nucleotide
|
|
| Disorders |
- Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
- Glycoprotein
- Proteoglycan
- Fatty-acid
- Phospholipid
- Cholesterol and steroid
- Eicosanoid
- Amino acid
- Purine-pyrimidine
- Heme metabolism
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
|
|
Index of nutrition
|
|
| Description |
- Vitamins
- Cofactors
- Metal metabolism
- Fats
- metabolism
- intermediates
- lipoproteins
- Sugars
- Glycolysis
- Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
- Fructose and galactose
|
|
| Disease |
- Vitamins
- Carbohydrate
- Lipid
- Metals
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
- Drugs
- Vitamins
- Mineral supplements
|
|
|
|
Metabolism: Protein metabolism, synthesis and catabolism enzymes
|
|
|
Essential amino acids are in Capitals
|
|
| K→acetyl-CoA |
| LYSINE→ |
- Saccharopine dehydrogenase
- Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
|
|
| LEUCINE→ |
- Branched chain aminotransferase
- Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
- Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
- Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
- Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
|
|
| TRYPTOPHAN→ |
- Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- Arylformamidase
- Kynureninase
- 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
- Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
- Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
|
|
| PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→ |
|
|
|
| G |
G→pyruvate
→citrate |
| glycine→serine→ |
- Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
- Serine dehydratase
- glycine→creatine: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
- Creatine kinase
|
|
| alanine→ |
|
|
| cysteine→ |
|
|
| threonine→ |
- L-threonine dehydrogenase
|
|
|
G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate |
| HISTIDINE→ |
- Histidine ammonia-lyase
- Urocanate hydratase
- Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
|
|
| proline→ |
- Proline oxidase
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
- 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase/ALDH4A1
- PYCR1
|
|
| arginine→ |
- Ornithine aminotransferase
- Ornithine decarboxylase
- Agmatinase
|
|
| →alpha-ketoglutarate→TCA |
|
|
| Other |
- cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
- Glutathione synthetase
- Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- glutamate→glutamine: Glutamine synthetase
- Glutaminase
|
|
|
G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA |
| VALINE→ |
- Branched chain aminotransferase
- Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
- Enoyl-CoA hydratase
- 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
- 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
- Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
|
|
| ISOLEUCINE→ |
- Branched chain aminotransferase
- Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
- 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
|
|
| METHIONINE→ |
- generation of homocysteine: Methionine adenosyltransferase
- Adenosylhomocysteinase
- regeneration of methionine: Methionine synthase/Homocysteine methyltransferase
- Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
- conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine beta synthase
- Cystathionine gamma-lyase
|
|
| THREONINE→ |
|
|
| →succinyl-CoA→TCA |
- Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
- Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
- Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
|
|
|
| G→fumarate |
| PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→ |
- Phenylalanine hydroxylase
- Tyrosine aminotransferase
- 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
- Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
- Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
- tyrosine→melanin: Tyrosinase
|
|
|
| G→oxaloacetate |
| asparagine→aspartate→ |
- Asparaginase/Asparagine synthetase
- Aspartate transaminase
|
|
|
|
|
Index of inborn errors of metabolism
|
|
| Description |
- Metabolism
- Enzymes and pathways: citric acid cycle
- pentose phosphate
- glycoproteins
- glycosaminoglycans
- phospholipid
- cholesterol and steroid
- sphingolipids
- eicosanoids
- amino acid
- urea cycle
- nucleotide
|
|
| Disorders |
- Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
- Glycoprotein
- Proteoglycan
- Fatty-acid
- Phospholipid
- Cholesterol and steroid
- Eicosanoid
- Amino acid
- Purine-pyrimidine
- Heme metabolism
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
|
|
|
|
References ranges for blood tests (CPT 82000–84999)
|
|
| Electrolytes |
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Calcium
- Renal function
- Creatinine
- Urea
- BUN-to-creatinine ratio
- Plasma osmolality
- Serum osmolal gap
|
|
| Acid-base |
- Anion gap
- Arterial blood gas
- Base excess
- Bicarbonate
- CO2 content
|
|
| Iron tests |
- Ferritin
- Serum iron
- Transferrin saturation
- Total iron-binding capacity
- Transferrin
- Transferrin receptor
|
|
| Hormones |
- ACTH stimulation test
- Thyroid function tests
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
|
|
| Metabolism |
|
|
| Cardiovascular |
- Cardiac marker
- CPK-MB test
- Lactate dehydrogenase
- Myoglobin
- Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
|
|
| Liver function tests |
- Proteins
- Human serum albumin
- Serum total protein
- ALP
- transaminases
- Bilirubin
|
|
| Pancreas |
|
|
|
Index of the urinary system
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
- Cells
|
|
| Disease |
- Electrolyte and acid-base
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Urine tests
- Blood tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- Intravenous fluids
|
|
Index of hormones
|
|
| Description |
- Glands
- Hormones
- thyroid
- mineralocorticoids
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Diabetes
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- calcium balance
- corticosteroids
- oral hypoglycemics
- pituitary and hypothalamic
- thyroid
|
|
Index of the heart
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Injury
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- glycosides
- other stimulants
- antiarrhythmics
- vasodilators
|
|
Index of digestion
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Gluten sensitivity
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- anabolic steroids
- antacids
- diarrhoea and infection
- bile and liver
- functional gastrointestinal disorders
- laxatives
- peptic ulcer and reflux
- nausea and vomiting
- other
- Surgery
|
|
|
