WordNet

the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs (同)internal_respiration, cellular_respiration
a single complete act of breathing in and out; "thirty respirations per minute"
a festivity in ancient Greece at which competitors contended for prizes
pertaining to or associated with agony (especially death agonies)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉呼吸すること(breathing)〈C〉一呼吸,一息 / 〈U〉(生物の)呼吸作用

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/26 18:12:22」(JST)

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Agonal respiration, gasping respiration or agonal breathing is an abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex characterized by gasping, labored breathing, accompanied by strange vocalizations and myoclonus.^[1]^{:164, 166} Possible causes include cerebral ischemia, extreme hypoxia or even anoxia. Agonal breathing is an extremely serious medical sign requiring immediate medical attention, as the condition generally progresses to complete apnea and heralds death. The duration of agonal respiration can be as brief as two breaths or last up to several hours.^[1]

The term is sometimes (inaccurately) used to refer to labored, gasping breathing patterns accompanying organ failure (e.g. liver failure and renal failure), SIRS, septic shock, and metabolic acidosis (see Kussmaul breathing, or in general any labored breathing, including Biot's respirations and ataxic respirations). Correct usage would restrict the term to the last breaths before death.^{[citation needed]}

Agonal respirations are also commonly seen in cases of cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest where agonal respirations may persist for several minutes after cessation of heartbeat.^[1] The presence of agonal respirations in these cases indicates a more favorable prognosis than in cases of cardiac arrest without agonal respirations.^[2] In an unresponsive, pulseless patient in cardiac arrest, agonal gasps are not effective breaths. Agonal respiration occurs in 40% of cardiac arrests experienced outside a hospital environment.^[3]

Agonal respiration is not the same as, and is unrelated to, the phenomenon of death rattle.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Perkin, RM; Resnik, DB (June 2002). "The agony of agonal respiration: is the last gasp necessary?". Journal of medical ethics 28 (3): 164–9. PMID 12042401.
^ "Incidence of Agonal Respirations in Sudden Cardiac Arrest". EMD Program. Public Health Seattle & King County. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
^ Clark, Jill J; Larsen, Mary Pat; Culley, Linda L; Graves, Judith Reid; Eisenberg, Mickey S (December 1992). "Incidence of agonal respirations in sudden cardiac arrest". Annals of Emergency Medicine 21 (12): 1464–1467. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)80062-9. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

External links

"Incidence of Agonal Respirations in Sudden Cardiac Arrest". EMD Program. King County, Washington. 30 August 2003. Archived from the original on 10 February 2005. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Bångemail, Angela; Herlitz, Johan; Martinell, Sven (2003). "Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases". Resuscitation 56 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(02)00278-2. PMID 12505735.
Hazinski, Mary Fran (ed.). BLS for healthcare providers. (New ed.). Dallas, Tex.: American Heart Association. ISBN 1616690399.

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English Journal

A Case of Long QT Syndrome Type 3 Aggravated by Beta-Blockers and Alleviated by Mexiletine: The Role of Epinephrine Provocation Test.

Park J, Kim SK, Pak HN.SourceDepartment of Cardiology, Yonsei University Health System, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. hnpak@yuhs.ac.
Yonsei medical journal.Yonsei Med J.2013 Mar 1;54(2):529-33. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.2.529.
Long QT syndrome (LQTs) is an uncommon genetic disease causing sudden cardiac death with Torsade de Pointes (TdP). The first line drug treatment has been known to be β-blocker. We encountered a 15-year-old female student with LQTs who had prolonged QTc and multiple episodes of syncope or agonal res
PMID 23364992

The usefulness of the consensus clinical diagnostic criteria in Brugada syndrome.

Sarkozy A, Paparella G, Boussy T, Casado-Arroyo R, Yazaki Y, Chierchia GB, De Asmundis C, Bayrak F, Namdar M, Richter S, Brugada J, Brugada P.SourceHeart Rhythm Management Center, UZ Brussels, Belgium.
International journal of cardiology.Int J Cardiol.2012 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Consensus statements were proposed for the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome (BS). The clinical diagnostic criteria were defined as documented ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (VT), family history of sudden cardiac death at <45years, diagnostic ECGs of family members, i
PMID 22805547

Brugada ECG pattern: a physiopathological prospective study based on clinical, electrophysiological, angiographic, and genetic findings.

Duthoit G, Fressart V, Hidden-Lucet F, Simon F, Kattygnarath D, Charron P, Himbert C, Aouate P, Guicheney P, Lecarpentier Y, Frank R, Hébert JL.SourceUnité de Rythmologie, Institut de Cardiologie, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France.
Frontiers in physiology.Front Physiol.2012;3:474. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00474. Epub 2012 Dec 27.
Introduction: Brugada syndrome (BrS) is considered a primary electrical disease. However, morphological abnormalities have been reported and localized arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) may mimic its phenotype, raising the question of an overlap between these two
PMID 23293604

Japanese Journal

Calcipotriol (MC903)のラットおよびイヌを用いた単回投与毒性試験

今泉尚志,鶴田真章,北垣忠温 [他],小野正博,白川清美,永田充宏,小西良士
Journal of toxicological sciences 21(Supplement II), 277-285, 1996-07-05
MC903の単回投与毒性を検討するため,ラットを用いた皮下および経皮投与,イヌを用いた経皮投与による単回投与毒性試験を実施し,以下の結果を得た。1. LD_<50>値は,皮下投与でラット雄:2.19 mg/kg,雌:2.51 mg/kgであった。経皮投与でラッド雌雄:各15 mg/kg以上,イヌ雄:1.5 mg/kg以上と推定した。ラットでは,投与経路による性差はなかった。2. ラット …
NAID 110001805832

Incidence of agonal respiration in subden cardiac arrest

CLARK JJ
Ann Emerg Med. 21, 1464-1467, 1992
NAID 30016783885

Experimental Studies on the Subcutaneous Infusion of <I>Ringer-Locke</I>'s Solution in Cases of Chloral Hydrate Poisoning, as well as of Bleeding.

上田漸
日本藥物學雜誌 4(3), 331-340, 1927
… Excepting agonal dyspnoea, the influence of the infusion on the respiration is not always noteworthy. …
NAID 130003883093