WordNet

resistant to destruction or fading; "fast colors"
abstaining from food (同)fasting
securely fixed in place; "the post was still firm after being hit by the car" (同)firm, immobile
firmly or closely; "held fast to the rope"; "her foot was stuck fast"; "held tight" (同)tight
(of a photographic lens or emulsion) causing a shortening of exposure time; "a fast lens"
(of surfaces) conducive to rapid speeds; "a fast road"; "grass courts are faster than clay"
(used of timepieces) indicating a time ahead of or later than the correct time; "my watch is fast"
abstain from certain foods, as for religious or medical reasons; "Catholics sometimes fast during Lent"
abstain from eating; "Before the medical exam, you must fast"
acting or moving or capable of acting or moving quickly; "fast film"; "on the fast track in school"; "set a fast pace"; "a fast car"
at a rapid tempo; "the band played a fast fox trot"
quickly or rapidly (often used as a combining form); "how fast can he get here?"; "ran as fast as he could"; "needs medical help fast"; "fast-running rivers"; "fast-breaking news"; "fast-opening (or fast-closing) shutters"
street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"
aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil (同)B
the syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization

PrepTutorEJDIC

『速い』,急速な,すばやい,敏速な / (時計が)『進んでいる』 / 『しっかりした』,ぐらつかない / 心の変わらない,忠実な(faithful) / (色が)あせない / 《古》(女性が)身持ちの悪い;《まれに》(生活が)享楽的な / (フイルムが)高感度の,(レンズが)高速撮影用の / 『速く』;すばやく(quickly) / 『しっかりと』,固く(firmly) / 『ぐっすりと』(soundly) / どしどし,ひっきりなしに
断食(だんじき),絶食 / (宗教的行事としての)断食日,断食期間 / 断食する,絶食する / (…で)精進する《+『on』+『名』》
酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD
バチルス桿菌(かんきん) / (一般に)細菌
ファ(全音階の第4音)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/21 20:52:55」(JST)

wiki en

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (stained red) in tissue (blue).

Acid-fastness is a physical property of certain bacteria (and, less commonly, protozoa), specifically their resistance to decolorization by acids during staining procedures.^[1]^[2]

Acid-fast organisms are difficult to characterize using standard microbiological techniques (e.g. Gram stain - if an acid-fast bacillus (AFB) was gram stained, the result would be an abnormal gram positive organism, which would indicate that further testing was necessary), though they can be stained using concentrated dyes, particularly when the staining process is combined with heat. Once stained, these organisms resist the dilute acid and/or ethanol-based de-colorization procedures common in many staining protocols, hence the name acid-fast.^[2]

The high mycolic acid content of certain Protozoa cell walls, like those of Mycobacteria, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-fast genetically engineered bacteria are the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, in which the acid fast mycobacterium are stained bright red and stand out clearly against a blue background. Another method is the Kinyoun method, in which the bacteria are stained bright red and stand out clearly against a green background. Acid-fast Mycobateria can also be visualized by fluorescence microscopy using specific fluorescent dyes (auramine-rhodamine stain, for example).^[3] Some bacteria may also be partially acid-fast. The eggs of the parasitic lung fluke Paragonimus westermani are actually destroyed by the stain, which can hinder diagnosis in patients who present with TB-like symptoms.

Some Acid Fast Staining techniques

Ziehl–Neelsen stain (Classic and modified bleach types)^[4]
Kinyoun stain
For color blind people (or in backgrounds where detecting red bacteria is difficult) Victoria Blue can be substituted for carbol fuchsin and Picric acid can be used as the counter stain instead of methylene blue, and rest of Kinyoun technique can be used.^[5]
1. Various bacterial spore staining techniques using Kenyon e.g.
  1. Moeller's method
  2. Dorners method^[6] (acid alcohol decolorizer) without the Schaeffer–Fulton^[7] modification (decolorize by water)^[8]
  3. Detergent method, using Tergitol 7, nonionic polyglycol ether surfactants type NP-7 ^[9]
Fite stain^[10]
1. Fite-Faraco Staining^[11]^[12]
2. Wade Fite staining^[13]
Ellis and Zabrowarny stain^[14]^[15] (no Phenol/carbolic acid)
Auramine-rhodamine stain
Auramine phenol stain

Notable acid-fast structures

Very few structures are acid fast; this makes staining for acid-fastness particularly useful in diagnosis. The following are notable examples of structures which are acid fast:

All Mycobacteria - M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, M. smegmatis and atypical Mycobacterium
Actinomyces (especially some aerobic ones) with Mycolic acid in their cell wall (note Streptomyces do NOT have) e.g.
- Nocardia
- Rhodococcus
- Gordonia (Actinomycete)
- Tsukamurella
- Dietzia
Head of sperm
Bacterial spores, see Endospore
Certain cellular inclusions e.g.
- Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies seen in
  - Neurons in layer 5 of cerebral cortex neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (Batten disease).
- Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in
  - Lead poisoning
  - Bismuth poisoning.
Oocysts of some coccidian parasites in faecal matter, such as:
- Cryptosporidium parvum,^[16]
- Isospora belli^[17]
- Cyclospora cayetanensis.^[18]
A few other parasites:
- Taenia saginata eggs stain well but Taenia solium eggs don't (Can be used to distinguish)
- Hydatid cysts, especially their "hooklets" stain irregularly with ZN stain but emanate bright red fluorescence under green light, and can aid detection in moderately heavy backgrounds or with scarce hooklets.^[19]
Fungal yeast forms are inconsistently stained with Acid-fast stain which is considered a narrow spectrum stain for fungi.^[20] In a study on acid-fastness of fungi,^[21] 60% of blastomyces and 47% of histoplasma showed positive cytoplasmic staining of the yeast-like cells, and Cryptococcus or candida did not stain, and very rare staining was seen in Coccidioides endospores.

References

^ Madison B (2001). "Application of stains in clinical microbiology". Biotech Histochem 76 (3): 119–25. doi:10.1080/714028138. PMID 11475314.
^ ^a ^b Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Abe C (2003). "[Standardization of laboratory tests for tuberculosis and their proficiency testing]". Kekkaku 78 (8): 541–51. PMID 14509226.
^ http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/stainsacidfast.html
^ Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, John D Bancroft, 6th ed, p314
^ Dorner, W. 1926. Un procédé simple pour la colouration des spores. Le Lait 6:8-12.
^ Schaeffer, A. B., and M. Fulton. 1933. A simplified method of staining endospores. Science 77:194.
^ Endospore Stain Protocol from American Society for Microbiology website
^ http://daignet.de/site-content/die-daig/fachorgan/2007-1/ejomr-2007_8-pdfs/S.356_Hayama.pdf
^ stain's file entry on Fite
^ http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/fite_faraco_ellis.htm
^ stains file entry on Fite Faraco
^ stains file entry on Wade Fite
^ Ellis, R. C.; Zabrowarny, L. A. (1993). "Safer staining method for acid fast bacilli". Journal of Clinical Pathology 46 (6): 559–560. doi:10.1136/jcp.46.6.559. PMC 501296. PMID 7687254. edit
^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/afb.html
^ Garcia LS, Bruckner DA, Brewer TC, Shimizu RY (July 1983). "Techniques for the recovery and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts from stool specimens". J. Clin. Microbiol. 18 (1): 185–90. PMC 270765. PMID 6193138.
^ Ng E, Markell EK, Fleming RL, Fried M (September 1984). "Demonstration of Isospora belli by acid-fast stain in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome". J. Clin. Microbiol. 20 (3): 384–6. PMC 271334. PMID 6208216.
^ Ortega YR, Sterling CR, Gilman RH, Cama VA, Díaz F (May 1993). "Cyclospora species--a new protozoan pathogen of humans". N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (18): 1308–12. doi:10.1056/NEJM199305063281804. PMID 8469253.
^ J Clin Microbiol. 1999 May; 37(5): 1561–1563. Visualization of Hydatid Elements: Comparison of Several Techniques
^ http://www.dako.com/08066_12may10_webchapter27.pdf
^ Wages ds, Wear dJ. acid-fastness of fungi in blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982; 106:440-41.

Online protocol examples

Ziehl-Neelsen protocol (PDF format).
Alternate Ellis & Zabrowarny method for staining AFB.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 肺外結核および粟粒結核の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of extrapulmonary and miliary tuberculosis
2. 結核の自然史、微生物学、および病因 natural history microbiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis
3. 非結核性抗酸菌の微生物学 microbiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria
4. 膀胱内BCG免疫療法の合併症 complications of intravesical bcg immunotherapy
5. Cystic fibrosis: Hepatobiliary disease

English Journal

Adaptation of M. tuberculosis to impaired host immunity in HIV-infected patients.

Walter ND1, de Jong BC2, Garcia BJ3, Dolganov GM4, Worodria W5, Byanyima P5, Musisi E5, Huang L6, Chan ED7, Van TT4, Antonio M8, Ayorinde A8, Kato-Maeda M9, Nahid P9, Leung AM10, Yen A11, Fingerlin TE12, Kechris K13, Strong M3, Voskuil MI14, Davis JL15, Schoolnik GK4.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2016 Aug 17. pii: jiw364. [Epub ahead of print]
INTRODUCTION: It is unknown whether immunosuppression influences the physiologic state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in vivo We evaluated the impact of host immunity by comparing M.tb and human transcription in sputum between HIV-infected and uninfected tuberculosis patients.METHODS: We
PMID 27534685

Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium acapulcensis Strain CSURP1424.

Asmar S1, Rascovan N1, Robert C1, Drancourt M2.
Genome announcements.Genome Announc.2016 Aug 11;4(4). pii: e00836-16. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00836-16.
Mycobacterium acapulcensis is a rapidly growing scotochromogenic acid-fast bacillus. The draft genome of M. acapulcensis CSURP1424 comprises 5,290,974 bp, exhibiting a 66.67% G+C content, 4,870 protein-coding genes, and 71 predicted RNA genes. Copyright © 2016 Asmar et al.
PMID 27516522

Flexor Tenosynovitis Due to Tuberculosis in Hand and Wrist: Is Tenosynovectomy Imperative?

Kabakaş F1, Uğurlar M, Turan DB, Yeşiloğlu N, Mersa B, Özçelik İB.
Annals of plastic surgery.Ann Plast Surg.2016 Aug;77(2):169-72. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000603.
The treatment of flexor tenosynovitis in the hand and wrist due to tuberculosis is controversial. Although some authors recommend the antituberculous chemotherapy, the others recommend the surgical treatment. In this article, 12 patients with synovial tuberculosis of the flexor aspect of the hand an
PMID 26418769