acid-base homeostasis

WordNet

1. any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water; "bases include oxides and hydroxides of metals and ammonia" (同)alkali
2. (numeration system) the positive integer that is equivalent to one in the next higher counting place; "10 is the radix of the decimal system" (同)radix
3. the bottom side of a geometric figure from which the altitude can be constructed; "the base of the triangle"
4. situate as a center of operations; "we will base this project in the new lab"
5. a place that the runner must touch before scoring; "he scrambled to get back to the bag" (同)bag
6. installation from which a military force initiates operations; "the attack wiped out our forward bases" (同)base of operations
7. a support or foundation; "the base of the lamp" (同)pedestal, stand
8. (electronics) the part of a transistor that separates the emitter from the collector
9. a flat bottom on which something is intended to sit; "a tub should sit on its own base"
10. the principal ingredient of a mixture; "glycerinated gelatin is used as a base for many ointments"; "he told the painter that he wanted a yellow base with just a hint of green"; "everything she cooked seemed to have rice as the base"
11. the place where you are stationed and from which missions start and end (同)home
12. (anatomy) the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment; "the base of the skull"
13. the bottom or lowest part; "the base of the mountain"
14. illegitimate (同)baseborn
15. of low birth or station (`base is archaic in this sense); "baseborn wretches with dirty faces"; "of humble (or lowly) birth" (同)baseborn, humble, lowly
16. not adhering to ethical or moral principles; "base and unpatriotic motives"; "a base, degrading way of life"; "cheating is dishonorable"; "they considered colonialism immoral"; "unethical practices in handling public funds" (同)immoral
17. having or showing an ignoble lack of honor or morality; "that liberal obedience without which your army would be a base rabble"- Edmund Burke; "taking a mean advantage"; "chokd with ambition of the meaner sort"- Shakespeare; "something essentially vulgar and meanspirited in politics" (同)mean, meanspirited
18. (used of metals) consisting of or alloyed with inferior metal; "base coins of aluminum"; "a base metal"
19. debased; not genuine; "an attempt to eliminate the base coinage"
20. street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
21. any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
22. having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"
23. (physiology) metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes
24. having a base; "firmly based ice"
25. having a base of operations (often used as a combining form); "a locally based business"; "an Atlanta-based company"; "carrier-based planes"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《文》(人や人の行動・孝えが)『卑しい』,下劣な / (金属が)質の劣った;(貨幣が)粗悪な
2. 『基礎』,根拠 / 『基部』,基底,土台 / 『根拠地』,基地 / (野球の)塁,ベース / 主成分;塩基(酸と反応シテ塩(官)を生じる化合物) / (数学で図形の)底;底辺;基線 / (…に)…‘の'『基礎をおく』《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》
3. 酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD
4. 定常性(生体内が平衡を保とうとする傾向)
5. basisの複数形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/25 21:13:48」(JST)

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Blood gas, acid-base, & gas exchange terms

PaO2	Arterial oxygen tension, or partial pressure
PAO2	Alveolar oxygen tension, or partial pressure
PaCO2	Arterial carbon dioxide tension, or partial pressure
PACO2	Alveolar carbon dioxide tension, or partial pressure
PvO2	Oxygen tension of mixed venous blood
P(A-a)O2	Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference. The term formerly used (A-a DO2) is discouraged.
P(a/A)O2	Alveolar-arterial tension ratio; PaO2:PAO2 The term oxygen exchange index describes this ratio.
C(a-v)O2	Arteriovenous oxygen content difference
SaO2	Oxygen saturation of the hemoglobin of arterial blood
SpO2	Oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry
CaO2	Oxygen content of arterial blood
pH	Symbol relating the hydrogen ion concentration or activity of a solution to that of a standard solution; approximately equal to the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH is an indicator of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Acids and bases
Acid dissociation constant Acid-base extraction Acid–base reaction Acid–base titration Dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Acid strength
Acid types
Brønsted Lewis Mineral Organic Strong Superacids Weak
Base types
Brønsted Lewis Organic Strong Superbases Non-nucleophilic Weak

Acid–base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between acids and bases, also called body pH. The body is very sensitive to its pH level, so strong mechanisms exist to maintain it. Outside the acceptable range of pH, proteins are denatured and digested, enzymes lose their ability to function, and death may occur.

Mechanism

The body's acid–base balance is normally tightly regulated, keeping the arterial blood pH between 7.38 and 7.42. Several buffering agents that reversibly bind hydrogen ions and impede any change in pH exist. Extracellular buffers include bicarbonate and ammonia, whereas proteins and phosphate act as intracellular buffers. The bicarbonate buffering system is especially key, as carbon dioxide (CO₂) can be shifted through carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate (HCO−
3) as shown below.

Acid–base imbalances that overcome the buffer system can be compensated in the short term by changing the rate of ventilation. This alters the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, shifting the above reaction according to Le Chatelier's principle, which in turn alters the pH. For instance, if the blood pH drops too low (acidemia), the body will compensate by increasing breathing thereby expelling CO₂, and shifting the above reaction to the left such that fewer hydrogen ions are free; thus the pH will rise back to normal. For alkalemia, the opposite occurs.

The kidneys are slower to compensate, but renal physiology has several powerful mechanisms to control pH by the excretion of excess acid or base. In response to acidosis, tubular cells reabsorb more bicarbonate from the tubular fluid, collecting duct cells secrete more hydrogen and generate more bicarbonate, and ammoniagenesis leads to increased formation of the NH₃ buffer. In responses to alkalosis, the kidney may excrete more bicarbonate by decreasing hydrogen ion secretion from the tubular epithelial cells, and lowering rates of glutamine metabolism and ammonium excretion.

Imbalance

Acid–base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45). In the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38). An excess of acid in the blood is called acidemia and an excess of base is called alkalemia. The process that causes the imbalance is classified based on the etiology of the disturbance (respiratory or metabolic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis). There are four basic processes: metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and respiratory alkalosis. One or a combination may occur at any given time.

References

External links

• Stewart's original text at acidbase.org
• On-line text at AnaesthesiaMCQ.com
• Overview at kumc.edu
• Tutorial at acid-base.com
• Online acid–base physiology text
• Diagnoses at lakesidepress.com
• Interpretation at nda.ox.ac.uk

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 胎児の酸塩基の生理学 fetal acid base physiology
• 2. 臍帯血酸塩基分析 umbilical cord blood acid base analysis
• 3. Chapter 11A：腎臓での水排泄 chapter 11a renal hydrogen excretion
• 4. 単純性および混合性酸塩基障害 simple and mixed acid base disorders
• 5. 酸塩基障害におけるカリウムバランス potassium balance in acid base disorders

English Journal

• Strong-ion gap approach in patients with cardiogenic shock following ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

• Attanà P, Lazzeri C, Chiostri M, Picariello C, Gensini GF, Valente S.SourceIntensive Cardiac Care Unit, Heart and Vessel Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi , Florence , Italy.
• Acute cardiac care.Acute Card Care.2013 Sep;15(3):58-62. doi: 10.3109/17482941.2013.776691. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
• Abstract Objective: Assess if acid-base evaluation by Stewart's approach had a clinical role in cardiogenic shock (CS) following ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).SETTING: There are three widely used approaches to investigate metabolic acidosis: base excess (BE), anion gap (AG) and the Stew
• PMID 23806089

• Acute alcohol exposure, acidemia or glutamine administration impacts amino acid homeostasis in ovine maternal and fetal plasma.

• Washburn SE, Sawant OB, Lunde ER, Wu G, Cudd TA.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA, swashburn@cvm.tamu.edu.
• Amino acids.Amino Acids.2013 Sep;45(3):543-54. doi: 10.1007/s00726-012-1453-1. Epub 2013 Jan 12.
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a significant problem in human reproductive medicine. Maternal alcohol administration alters maternal amino acid homeostasis and results in acidemia in both mother and fetus, causing fetal growth restriction. We hypothesized that administration of glutamine, which inc
• PMID 23315157

Japanese Journal

• めまいと酸塩基平衡障害

• 中村 節子 (旧姓森中
• Equilibrium Research 72(3), 145-155, 2013
• … There have been several reports about the relation between acid-base imbalance or arterial blood gas abnormalities and the occurrence of vertigo, including Meniere' disease. … In addition, metabolic acidosis has been reported in patients with Meniere's disease, and the base excess and bicarbonate levels were also found to be beyond the normal range in Meniere's disease. …
• NAID 130003372598

• Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis that Became Exacerbated by Proton Pump Inhibitor Use

• Okamoto Natsumi,Nambu Takuo,Matsuda Yuki,Matsuo Koji,Osaki Keisuke,Kanai Yugo,Ogawa Yoshihisa,Yonemitsu Shin,Kita Ryuichi,Muro Seiji,Sugawara Akira,Oki Shogo
• Internal Medicine 51(18), 2591-2595, 2012
• … Acid-base imbalances and electrolyte disorders induced by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are extremely rare. … However, under certain conditions, PPIs may cause metabolic acidosis or hypokalemia, probably due to an inhibitory action on the proton pump that contributes to H+ and K+ homeostasis in the kidney. …
• NAID 130002062392

• 無機リン酸代謝調節における分子栄養学研究　　（平成２２年度日本栄養・食糧学会学会賞受賞）:(平成22年度日本栄養・食糧学会学会賞受賞)

• 宮本 賢一
• 日本栄養・食糧学会誌 64(3), 137-149, 2011
• リンは生体に広く分布しており, 細胞内シグナル伝達, エネルギー代謝, 核酸合成および酸-塩基などに関与している。リン代謝調節機構は, その破綻が低リン血症や高リン血症から生じる病態によって明白なように生命維持に必須である。低リン血症はクル病および骨軟化症を引き起こす。一方で, 高リン血症は心血管疾患に深く関与している。血中リン濃度維持の中心臓器は腎臓であり, また腸管および骨の三つの臓器が協調し …
• NAID 130001034105

Related Links

• Acid Base Homeostasis | Ezzat Moemen

The buffering properties of body fluids, and the renal and respiratory adjustments to the presence of excess acid or alkali are important acid-base homeostasis mechanisms. I. The Henderson-Hasselbalch model Acid-base ...

• Acid-base homeostasis - definition of Acid-base homeostasis ...

They present the material in three main parts dealing with basic physiochemical concepts, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and acid-base homeostasis, covering aspects related to both normal and abnormal physiology in each of ...

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