Zaglossus

Long-beaked echidnas; Temporal range: Miocene to present
	Western long-beaked echidna; (Zaglossus bruijni)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Monotremata
Family:	Tachyglossidae
Genus:	Zaglossus; Gill, 1877
Type species
	Tachyglossus bruijni; Peters and Doria, 1876
Species
	Zaglossus attenboroughi; Zaglossus bartoni; Zaglossus bruijni; †Zaglossus hacketti; †Zaglossus robustus

WordNet

a genus of Tachyglossidae (同)genus Zaglossus

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/09 19:10:16」(JST)

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The long-beaked echidnas (genus Zaglossus) make up one of the two extant genera of echidnas, spiny monotremes that live in New Guinea. There are three living species and two extinct species in this genus. The extinct species were present in Australia. Echidnas are one of the two types of mammals that lay eggs, the other being the platypus. The echidnas retain reptilian features such as egg-laying but display mammalian features such as fur and lactation.^[2]

All three long-beaked echidna species are listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Species

Zaglossus attenboroughi

Habitat: known only from the Cyclops Mountains of Papua, Indonesia, New Guinea
Time: the present
Critically endangered^[3]

Zaglossus bartoni

Habitat: on the central cordillera between the Paniai Lakes and the Nanneau Range, as well as the Huon Peninsula
Time: the present
Critically endangered^[4]

Zaglossus bruijni

Habitat: highland forests of West Papua and Papua provinces, Indonesia, New Guinea
Time: the present
Critically endangered^[5]

†Zaglossus hacketti

Habitat: Western Australia
Time: Upper Pleistocene
Fossil
This species is known only from a few bones. At a metre long, it was huge for an echidna and for monotremes in general.

†Zaglossus robustus

Habitat: New South Wales
Time: Miocene
Fossil
This species is known from a fossil skull about 65 cm long.
It had many spikes along its back to protect it from its predators and used them as a weapon.

General information

The long-beaked echidna is larger than the short-beaked and has fewer, shorter spines scattered among its coarse hairs. The snout is two-thirds of the head length and curves slightly downward. There are five digits on both hind and forefeet, but on the former, only the three middle toes are equipped with claws. Males have a spur on each of the hind legs. This echidna is primarily a nocturnal animal that forages for its insect food on the forest floor. The animals are not usually foraging in the daylight. The long-beaked echidna lives in dens and they are commonly found to be in underground burrows.^[6] The breeding female has a temporary abdominal brood patch, in which her egg is incubated and in which the newborn young remains in safety, feeding and developing. Since they reproduce by laying eggs and are incubated outside of the mother’s body it is accompanied by the prototherian lactation process show that they are early mammals. The long-beaked echidna has a short weaning period. During this time milk is their only source of nutrition and protection for the hatchlings; they are altricial and immunologically naive.^[7] Little is known about the life of this rarely seen animal, but it is believed to have habits similar to those of the short-beaked echidna; unlike them, however, the long-beaked echidnas feed primarily on earthworms rather than ants. The population of echidnas in New Guinea is declining because of forest clearing and overhunting, and the animal is much in need of protection.

References

^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Order Monotremata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Werneburg, I.; Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (January 2011). "The early development of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Mammalia: Monotremata), and patterns of mammalian development". Acta Zoologica. 92: 75–88. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00447.x.
^ ^a ^b Leary, T., Seri, L., Flannery, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Helgen, K., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Allison, A., James, R., Aplin, K., Salas, L. & Dickman, C. (2008). Zaglossus attenboroughi. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as critically endangered.
^ ^a ^b Leary, T., Seri, L., Flannery, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Helgen, K., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Allison, A., James, R., Aplin, K., Salas, L. & Dickman, C. (2008). Zaglossus bartoni. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as critically endangered.
^ ^a ^b Leary, T., Seri, L., Flannery, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Helgen, K., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Allison, A., James, R., Aplin, K., Salas, L. & Dickman, C. (2008). Zaglossus bruijnii. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as critically endangered
^ Opiang, M. D. (April 2009). "Home ranges, movement, and den use in long-beaked echidnas, Zaglossus bartoni, from Papua New Guinea". Journal of Mammalogy. 90 (2): 340–346. doi:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-108.1.
^ Bisana, S.; Kumar, S.; Rismiller, P.; Nicol, S. C.; Lefèvre, C.; Nicholas, K. R.; Sharp, J. A. (2013-01-09). "Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Monotreme- Specific Antibacterial Protein Expressed during Lactation". PLoS ONE. 8 (1): e53686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053686. PMC 3541144. PMID 23326486.

Flannery, T. F.; Groves, C. P. (January 1998). "A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies" (PDF). Mammalia. 62 (3): 367–396. doi:10.1515/mamm.1998.62.3.367.

External links

EDGE of Existence (Zaglossus spp.) – Saving the World's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species
ARKive – images and movies of the long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus spp.)
A summary, including references, on animalinfo.org
(Long Necked) Echidna find rewrites natural history books - 'Mount Anderson, West Kimberley'

English Journal

Brain and behaviour of living and extinct echidnas.

Ashwell KW1, Hardman CD2, Musser AM3.
Zoology (Jena, Germany).Zoology (Jena).2014 Oct;117(5):349-61. doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.05.002. Epub 2014 Jul 5.
The Tachyglossidae (long- and short-beaked echidnas) are a family of monotremes, confined to Australia and New Guinea, that exhibit striking trigeminal, olfactory and cortical specialisations. Several species of long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus robusta, Zaglossus hacketti, Megalibgwilia ramsayi) were
PMID 25053446

Year-long presence of Eimeria echidnae and absence of Eimeria tachyglossi in captive short-beaked echidnas ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ).

Debenham JJ1, Johnson R, Vogelnest L, Phalen DN, Whittington R, Slapeta J.
The Journal of parasitology.J Parasitol.2012 Jun;98(3):543-9. doi: 10.1645/GE-2982.1. Epub 2012 Jan 11.
The short-beaked echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) is 1 of 5 extant species of monotreme, found only in Australia and Papua New Guinea. The aim of this study was to identify the species of coccidia present and establish a range of subclinical Eimeria spp. (Coccidia: Apicomplexa) oocyst shedding in
PMID 22236183

Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia.

Helgen KM1, Miguez RP, James L Kohen, Lauren E Helgen.
ZooKeys.Zookeys.2012;(255):103-32. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.255.3774. Epub 2012 Dec 28.
The monotreme genus Zaglossus, the largest egg-laying mammal, comprises several endangered taxa today known only from New Guinea. Zaglossus is considered to be extinct in Australia, where its apparent occurrence (in addition to the large echidna genus Megalibgwilia) is recorded by Pleistocene fossil
PMID 23459668

Related Pictures

Echidna Zaglossus Bruijni Photograph The Giant Echidna (Zaglossus hacketti 03 Langschnabel-Ameisenigel Zaglossus.JPG BioLib - Image - Zaglossus bartoni photo - Zaglossus spp. - G5787 | ARKive photo - Zaglossus spp. - G110694 | ARKive photo - Zaglossus spp. - G72047 | ARKive

[msw3-1] Groves, C.P. (2005). "Order Monotremata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Werneburg2013-2] Werneburg, I.; Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (January 2011). "The early development of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Mammalia: Monotremata), and patterns of mammalian development". Acta Zoologica. 92: 75–88. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00447.x.

[IUCN_David.27s-3] Leary, T., Seri, L., Flannery, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Helgen, K., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Allison, A., James, R., Aplin, K., Salas, L. & Dickman, C. (2008). Zaglossus attenboroughi. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as critically endangered.

[IUCN_Eastern-4] Leary, T., Seri, L., Flannery, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Helgen, K., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Allison, A., James, R., Aplin, K., Salas, L. & Dickman, C. (2008). Zaglossus bartoni. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as critically endangered.

[IUCN_Western-5] Leary, T., Seri, L., Flannery, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Helgen, K., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Allison, A., James, R., Aplin, K., Salas, L. & Dickman, C. (2008). Zaglossus bruijnii. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as critically endangered

[Oplang2009-6] Opiang, M. D. (April 2009). "Home ranges, movement, and den use in long-beaked echidnas, Zaglossus bartoni, from Papua New Guinea". Journal of Mammalogy. 90 (2): 340–346. doi:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-108.1.

[Bisana_S_2013-7] Bisana, S.; Kumar, S.; Rismiller, P.; Nicol, S. C.; Lefèvre, C.; Nicholas, K. R.; Sharp, J. A. (2013-01-09). "Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Monotreme- Specific Antibacterial Protein Expressed during Lactation". PLoS ONE. 8 (1): e53686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053686. PMC 3541144. PMID 23326486.

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