Xylaria

　

WordNet

1. type genus of Xylariaceae; fungi with perithecia in the upper part of erect black woody stromata (同)genus Xylaria
2. family of fungi characterized by dark brown to black spores (同)family Xylariaceae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/14 11:58:21」(JST)

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Xylaria
Xylaria hypoxylon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Sordariomycetes
Order:	Xylariales
Family:	Xylariaceae
Genus:	Xylaria
Species
Xylaria hypoxylon Xylaria polymorpha Xylaria longipes Xylaria nigripes

Xylaria is a genus of ascomycetous fungi commonly found growing on dead wood. The name comes from the Greek xýlon meaning wood (see xylem).

Two of the common species of the genus are Xylaria hypoxylon and Xylaria polymorpha.

Xylaria hypoxylon, known by the common names stag's horn and candle-snuff fungus, is the most conspicuous because of its erect, 3–7 cm tall, antler-like ascocarps (fruitbodies) which are black at the base (where the perithecia are embedded) but white and branched towards the top, where the fruiting bodies produce white conidia (asexual spores).

Xylaria polymorpha, dead man's fingers, often grows in finger-like clusters from the base of a tree or from wood just below ground level. This is a primary fungus utilized in the spalting of sugar maple and other hardwoods.

Xylaria longipes, known by the common names dead moll's fingers and pénis de bois mort, allegedly improves the quality of the wood used in string instruments. It has not been linked to spalting of maple.

Xylaria nigripes has been studied in China as a medication for use in the treatment of insomnia. A study in 2013 showed significant improvement for both the medicated and the placebo groups of participants. Further study was advised by the researchers.

References

• Deacon, J. Fungal Biology. Blackwell Publishing. 2005.
• Robinson, S. C. and P. E. Laks. 2010. Culture age and wood species affect zone line production of Xylaria polymorpha. The Open Mycology Journal 4:18-21.
• Robinson, S. C., et al. 2012. Promoting fungal pigment formation in wood by utilizing a modified decay jar method. Wood Science and Technology 46:841-849.
• Robinson, S. C., et al. Methods of inoculating Acer spp., Populus tremuloides, and Fagus grandifolia logs for commercial spalting applications. Journal of Wood Science in press. doi:10.1007/s10086-013-1335-5

Gallery

• X. hypoxylon

• X. polymorpha

• X. polymorpha illustrating the range of shapes of fruiting bodies.

• A longitudinally split fruiting body of X. polymorpha, showing the many perithecia that lie just beneath the black outer rind.

• X. polymorpha in early July

English Journal

• Efficacy and safety of Wuling capsule, a single herbal formula, in Chinese subjects with insomnia: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

• Lin Y, Wang XY, Ye R, Hu WH, Sun SC, Jiao HJ, Song XH, Yuan ZZ, Zheng YY, Zheng GQ, He JC.SourceThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325027, China.
• Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2013 Jan 9;145(1):320-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.009. Epub 2012 Nov 23.
• ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Wuling Capsule is a single herbal formula from mycelia of precious Xylaria nigripes (Kl.) Sacc and its pharmacological function have a tranquilizing effect on the central nervous system. The aim of the study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Wuling capsule in tre
• PMID 23178661

• Functional expression of a foreign gene in Aspergillus oryzae producing new pyrone compounds.

• Punya J, Tachaleat A, Wattanachaisaereekul S, Haritakun R, Boonlarppradab C, Cheevadhanarak S.SourceBioresource Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. Electronic address: jpunya@biotec.or.th.
• Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B.Fungal Genet Biol.2013 Jan;50:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.10.005. Epub 2012 Nov 19.
• Fungi from the genus Xylaria produce a wide range of polyketides with diverse structures, which provide important sources for pharmaceutical agents. At least seven polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, including pksmt, were found in Xylaria sp. BCC 1067. The multifunctional enzyme pksmt contains the foll
• PMID 23174282

• The influence of moisture content variation on fungal pigment formation in spalted wood.

• Tudor D, Robinson SC, Cooper PA.AbstractABSTRACT: Eight fungal species known to produce wood pigmentation were tested for reaction to various moisture contents in two hardwood species. Fungal pigmentation by Trametes versicolor and Xylaria polymorpha was stimulated at low water concentrations in both Acer saccharum (sugar maple) and Fagus grandifolia (American beech), while Inonotus hispidus and Polyporus squamosus were stimulated above 22-28% and 34-38% moisture content in beech and in sugar maple respectively. Fomes fomentarius and Polyporus brumalis produced maximum pigmentation in beech at 26 - 41% and in sugar maple at 59 - 96% moisture content. The pink staining Scytalidium cuboideum pigmented both wood species at above 35% moisture content. This research indicates that controlling the moisture content values of wood substrates can stimulate the intensity of pigmentation of specific fungi when spalting wood for decorative and commercial purpose.
• AMB Express.AMB Express.2012 Dec 17;2(1):69. [Epub ahead of print]
• ABSTRACT: Eight fungal species known to produce wood pigmentation were tested for reaction to various moisture contents in two hardwood species. Fungal pigmentation by Trametes versicolor and Xylaria polymorpha was stimulated at low water concentrations in both Acer saccharum (sugar maple) and Fagus
• PMID 23245292

Japanese Journal

• Diversity and ubiquity of xylariaceous endophytes in live and dead leaves of temperate forest trees

• Osono Takashi,Tateno Osamu,Masuya Hayato
• Mycoscience 54(1), 54-61, 2013-01-00
• … The three major OTUs, Xylaria sp.1, Nemania sp., and Biscogniauxia sp., accounted for 94% (308 isolates) of the total number of isolates, and were isolated from various live and dead leaves. … Xylaria sp.1 was frequently encountered on bleached portions (which were produced due to the selective decomposition of lignin) of dead leaves of broad-leaved deciduous tree species. …
• NAID 120005244453

• Fungal succession and decomposition of beech cupule litter

• FUKASAWA Y.,TATENO O.,HAGIWARA Y.,HIROSE D.,OSONO T.
• Ecological research 27(4), 735-743, 2012-07-01
• NAID 10030967464

• Fungal succession and decomposition of beech cupule litter

• Fukasawa Y.,Tateno O.,Hagiwara Y. [他]
• Ecological research 27(4), 735-743, 2012-07-00
• NAID 40019359072

Related Links

• NBRC : タイ及び日本原産のクロサイワイタケ科菌類（Xylariaceae）

NBRC No. Scientific Name Source of Isolation Location of Source 104428 Xylaria sp. Internode of Phyllostachys sp. Campus of Osaka University, Japan 104429 Xylaria sp. Node of Phyllostachys sp. Campus of Osaka University ...

• Xylaria magnoliae - Discomycetes etc.

Xylaria magnoliae Rogers ホソツクシタケ。8月31日撮影。 [特徴] モクレン属の落下した集果から10本から20本程度発生する。子実体は細い槍状、直径 3-5 mm.、高さ 3-8 cm. になり普通は枝分かれしない。 未熟時、先端は尖ってやや ...

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