WordNet

the condition of being exposed to radiation
(Pavolvian conditioning) the elicitation of a conditioned response by stimulation similar but not identical to the original stimulus
(physiology) the spread of sensory neural impulses in the cortex
the apparent enlargement of a bright object when viewed against a dark background
the 24th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)x, ex

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照らす(照らされる)こと;発光 / (知的)啓発,開明 / 放射線治療
Christ / Christian
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/24 17:47:02」(JST)

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Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation. The term irradiation usually excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as infra-red, visible light, microwaves from cellular phones or electromagnetic waves emitted by radio and TV receivers and power supplies.

Applications

Sterilization

If administered at appropriate levels, all forms of ionizing radiation can be used to sterilize objects after use, produce medical instruments and disposables such as syringes, and disinfect and sterilize food. Small doses of ionizing radiation (electron beam processing, X-rays and gamma rays)^[1] may be used to kill bacteria in food or other organic material, including blood.^{[citation needed]} Food irradiation, while effective, is seldom used due to problems with public acceptance.^[2]

Medicine

Irradiation is used in diagnostic imaging, cancer therapy and blood transfusion.^[3]

In 2011 researchers found that irradiation was successful in the novel theranostic technique involving co-treatment with heptamethine dyes to elucidate tumor cells and attenuate their growth with minimal side effects.^[4]^[5]

Ion implantation

Ion irradiation is routinely used to implant impurities atoms into materials, especially semiconductors, to modify their properties. This process, usually known as ion implantation, is an important step in the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits.

Ion irradiation

Ion irradiation means in general using particle accelerators to shoot energetic ions on a material. Ion implantation is a variety of ion irradiation, as is swift heavy ions irradiation from particle accelerators induces ion tracks that can be used for nanotechnology.

Industrial chemistry

Irradiation can be used to cross-link plastics or to improve material qualities of semi-precious stones. Due to its efficiency, electron beam processing is often used in the irradiation treatment of polymer-based products to improve their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, and often to add unique properties. Cross-linked polyethylene pipe (PEX), high-temperature products such as tubing and gaskets, wire and cable jacket curing, curing of composite materials, and crosslinking of tires are a few examples.

Security

During the 2001 anthrax attacks, the US Postal Service irradiated mail to protect members of the US government and other possible targets. This was of some concern to people who send digital media through the mail, including artists. According to the ART in Embassies program, "incoming mail is irradiated, and the process destroys slides, transparencies and disks."^{[citation needed]}

Agriculture

After its discovery by Lewis Stadler at the University of Missouri, irradiation of seed and plant germplasm has resulted in creating many of the most widely grown strains of food crops worldwide. The process, which consists of striking plant seeds or germplasm with radiation in the form of X-rays, UV waves, heavy-ion beams, or gamma rays, essentially "mixes" the genes already existing in the genome. The UN has been an active participant through the International Atomic Energy Agency. Irradiation is also employed to prevent the sprouting of certain cereals, onions, potatoes and garlic.^[6] Appropriate irradiation doses are also used to produce insects for use in the sterile insect technique of pest control.^[7]

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) recognizes irradiation as an important technology to protect consumers. Fresh meat and poultry including whole or cut up birds, skinless poultry, pork chops, roasts, stew meat, liver, hamburgers, ground meat, and ground poultry are approved for irradiation.^[8]

Assassination

Some claim that Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who died of lung cancer in Bucharest on March 19, 1965, was intentionally irradiated during a visit to Moscow, due to his political stance.^[9]

In 1999, an article in Der Spiegel alleged that the East German MfS intentionally irradiated political prisoners with high-dose radiation, possibly to provoke cancer.^[10]^[11]

Alexander Litvinenko, a secret serviceman who was tackling organized crime in Russia, was intentionally poisoned with Po-210; the very large internal doses of radiation he received was the cause of his death.

References

^ "Food Standards Agency - Irradiated food". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
^ "Spinach and Peanuts, With a Dash of Radiation" article by Andrew Marin in The New York Times February 1, 2009
^ "Information for patients needing irradiated blood" by National Blood Service
^ Tan X, Luo S, Wang D, et al. A NIR heptamethine Dye with intrinsic cancer targeting, imaging and photosynthesizing properties. Journal of Biomaterials China. 33-7 (2011), pp. 2230-2239.
^ F. Pene, E. Courtine, A. Cariou, J.P. Mira. Toward theranostics. Crit Care Med, 37 (2009), pp. S50–S58
^ Bly, J.H. "Electron Beam Processing", Yardley, PA: International Information Associates, 1988.
^ International Database on Insect Disinfestation and Sterilization, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture website, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, plus the International Atomic Energy Agency.
^ Irradiation and Food Safety, U.S. Drug and Food Administration. Retrieved Jan. 5, 2010.
^ "TFP > Alexander Litvinenko Assassination". Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^ STASI: In Kopfhöhe ausgerichtet. Article by Peter Wensierski in Der Spiegel 20/1999, May 17, 1999
^ Tödliche Strahlung. Die Staatssicherheit der DDR steht im Verdacht, Regimegegner radioaktiv verseucht zu haben. Article by Paul Leonhard in Junge Freiheit April 14, 2000

External links

Industrial, Medical & Educational Uses of Radiation
Safety and Health Topics: Radiation
Radiation Protection- US EPA
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
North American Seed Bank (NASB)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Gadolinium nanoparticles and contrast agent as radiation sensitizers.

Taupin F1, Flaender M, Delorme R, Brochard T, Mayol JF, Arnaud J, Perriat P, Sancey L, Lux F, Barth RF, Carrière M, Ravanat JL, Elleaume H.
Physics in medicine and biology.Phys Med Biol.2015 Jun 7;60(11):4449-64. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/11/4449. Epub 2015 May 19.
The goal of the present study was to evaluate and compare the radiosensitizing properties of gadolinium nanoparticles (NPs) with the gadolinium contrast agent (GdCA) Magnevist(®) in order to better understand the mechanisms by which they act as radiation sensitizers. This was determined following e
PMID 25988839

Behavioral effects of neonatal lesions on the cerebellar system.

Lalonde R1, Strazielle C2.
International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience.Int J Dev Neurosci.2015 Jun;43:58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.007. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
Several rodent models with spontaneous mutations causing cerebellar pathology are impaired in motor functions during the neonatal period, including Grid2(Lc), Rora(sg), Dab1(scm), Girk2(Wv), Lmx1a(dr-sst), Myo5a(dn), Inpp4a(wbl), and Cacna1a(rol) mice as well as shaker and dystonic rats. Deficits ar
PMID 25907855

Relief of delayed oxidative stress by ascorbic acid can suppress radiation-induced cellular senescence in mammalian fibroblast cells.

Kobashigawa S1, Kashino G2, Mori H3, Watanabe M4.
Mechanisms of ageing and development.Mech Ageing Dev.2015 May 6;146-148C:65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.05.002. [Epub ahead of print]
Ionizing radiation-induced cellular senescence is thought to be caused by nuclear DNA damage that cannot be repaired. However, here we found that radiation induces delayed increase of intracellular oxidative stress after irradiation. We investigated whether the relief of delayed oxidative stress by
PMID 25958121

Japanese Journal

Unstable Chromosome Aberrations Do Not Accumulate in Normal Human Fibroblast after Fractionated X-Irradiation

Ojima Mitsuaki,Ito Maki,Suzuki Keiji,Kai Michiaki
PLOS ONE 10(2), e0116645, 2015-02-27
… We determined the frequencies of dicentric chromosomes per cell in non-dividing confluent normal human fibroblasts (MRC-5) irradiated with a single 1 Gy dose or a fractionated 1 Gy dose (10X0.1 Gy, 5X0.2 Gy, and 2X0.5 Gy). … The interval between fractions was between 1 min to 1440 min. After the completion of X-irradiation, the cells were incubated for 24 hours before re-plating at a low density. …
NAID 120005602580

日本酒のX線照射マウスに対する放射線防護効果

山下順助,滝澤行雄
日本醸造協会誌 110(1), 8-12, 2015-01
NAID 40020327555

10　臨床例―適応疾患と治療成績　2)肺

白井克幸,中野隆史
RADIOISOTOPES 64(6), 416-421, 2015
… 粒子線治療(陽子線並びに重粒子線治療)はその良好な線量分布により，X線治療に比べ周囲のリスク臓器の線量を低減しつつ，腫瘍への高線量照射が両立できる。 … 肺癌治療においては，X線治療の高精度化により成績向上がみられているものの，いまだに局所制御不良や周囲の正常組織への障害が問題となり，治療成績改善の障壁となっている。 …
NAID 130005083522