WordNet

a bridge used to measure resistances
something resembling a bridge in form or function; "his letters provided a bridge across the centuries"
make a bridge across; "bridge a river"
a circuit consisting of two branches (4 arms arranged in a diamond configuration) across which a meter is connected (同)bridge circuit
an upper deck where a ship is steered and the captain stands (同)bridge deck
a denture anchored to teeth on either side of missing teeth (同)bridgework
the link between two lenses; rests on the nose (同)nosepiece
a structure that allows people or vehicles to cross an obstacle such as a river or canal or railway etc. (同)span
a wooden support that holds the strings up
any of various card games based on whist for four players
the hard ridge that forms the upper part of the nose; "her glasses left marks on the bridge of her nose"
connect or reduce the distance between (同)bridge over
cross over on a bridge
English physicist and inventor who devised the Wheatstone bridge (1802-1875) (同)Sir Charles Wheatstone

PrepTutorEJDIC

橋 / 船橋,艦橋 / 鼻柱 / (めがねの)ブリッジ(2つのレンズを接続し鼻の上にのせる部分) / (弦楽器の)こま / ブリッジ(隣接する歯に両端を固定した義歯) / 〈川・道路・線路など〉‘に'橋渡しをする,‘を'連結する
(カードゲームの)ブリッジ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/25 20:38:03」(JST)

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Wheatstone bridge circuit diagram.

A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component. Its operation is similar to the original potentiometer. It was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. One of the Wheatstone bridge's initial uses was for the purpose of soils analysis and comparison.^[1]

Operation

In the figure, is the unknown resistance to be measured; , and are resistors of known resistance and the resistance of is adjustable. If the ratio of the two resistances in the known leg is equal to the ratio of the two in the unknown leg , then the voltage between the two midpoints (B and D) will be zero and no current will flow through the galvanometer . If the bridge is unbalanced, the direction of the current indicates whether is too high or too low. is varied until there is no current through the galvanometer, which then reads zero.

Detecting zero current with a galvanometer can be done to extremely high accuracy. Therefore, if , and are known to high precision, then can be measured to high precision. Very small changes in disrupt the balance and are readily detected.

At the point of balance, the ratio of

\begin{align} \frac{R_2}{R_1} &= \frac{R_x}{R_3} \\ \Rightarrow R_x &= \frac{R_2}{R_1} \cdot R_3 \end{align}

Alternatively, if , , and are known, but is not adjustable, the voltage difference across or current flow through the meter can be used to calculate the value of , using Kirchhoff's circuit laws (also known as Kirchhoff's rules). This setup is frequently used in strain gauge and resistance thermometer measurements, as it is usually faster to read a voltage level off a meter than to adjust a resistance to zero the voltage.

Derivation

Directions of currents arbitrarily assigned

First, Kirchhoff's first rule is used to find the currents in junctions B and D:

\begin{align} I_3 - I_x + I_G &= 0 \\ I_1 - I_2 - I_G &= 0 \end{align}

Then, Kirchhoff's second rule is used for finding the voltage in the loops ABD and BCD:

\begin{align} (I_3 \cdot R_3) - (I_G \cdot R_G) - (I_1 \cdot R_1) &= 0 \\ (I_x \cdot R_x) - (I_2 \cdot R_2) + (I_G \cdot R_G) &= 0 \end{align}

When the bridge is balanced, then $I G = 0$ , so the second set of equations can be rewritten as:

\begin{align} I_3 \cdot R_3 &= I_1 \cdot R_1 \\ I_x \cdot R_x &= I_2 \cdot R_2 \end{align}

Then, the equations are divided and rearranged, giving:

From the first rule, $I 3 = I x$ and $I 1 = I 2$ . The desired value of $R x$ is now known to be given as:

If all four resistor values and the supply voltage ( $V S$ ) are known, and the resistance of the galvanometer is high enough that $I G$ is negligible, the voltage across the bridge ( $V G$ ) can be found by working out the voltage from each potential divider and subtracting one from the other. The equation for this is:

where $V G$ is the voltage of node D relative to node B.

Significance

The Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a difference measurement, which can be extremely accurate. Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure capacitance, inductance, impedance and other quantities, such as the amount of combustible gases in a sample, with an explosimeter. The Kelvin bridge was specially adapted from the Wheatstone bridge for measuring very low resistances. In many cases, the significance of measuring the unknown resistance is related to measuring the impact of some physical phenomenon (such as force, temperature, pressure, etc.) which thereby allows the use of Wheatstone bridge in measuring those elements indirectly.

The concept was extended to alternating current measurements by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865 and further improved by Alan Blumlein around 1926.

Modifications of the fundamental bridge

Kelvin bridge

The Wheatstone bridge is the fundamental bridge, but there are other modifications that can be made to measure various kinds of resistances when the fundamental Wheatstone bridge is not suitable. Some of the modifications are:

Carey Foster bridge, for measuring small resistances
Kelvin Varley Slide
Kelvin bridge
Maxwell bridge

References

^ "The Genesis of the Wheatstone Bridge" by Stig Ekelof discusses Christie's and Wheatstone's contributions, and why the bridge carries Wheatstone's name. Published in "Engineering Science and Education Journal", volume 10, no 1, February 2001, pages 37–40.

External links

Wheatstone Bridge - Interactive Tutorial National High Magnetic Field Laboratory

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English Journal

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Microfluidic Wheatstone bridge for rapid sample analysis.

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Japanese Journal

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NAID 10027805235

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「bridge」

　　[★]

n.

橋、(歯科)義歯、ブリッジ

[1] "The Genesis of the Wheatstone Bridge" by Stig Ekelof discusses Christie's and Wheatstone's contributions, and why the bridge carries Wheatstone's name. Published in "Engineering Science and Education Journal", volume 10, no 1, February 2001, pages 37–40.

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Wheatstone bridge