WISC-III

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/12 06:21:22」(JST)

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The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), developed by David Wechsler, is an individually administered intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16. The Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014) is the most current version.

The WISC-V takes 45–65 minutes to administer and generates a Full Scale IQ (formerly known as an intelligence quotient or IQ score) which represents a child's general intellectual ability. It also provides five primary index scores (i.e., Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index) that represent a child's abilities in more discrete cognitive domains. Five ancillary composite scores can be derived from various combinations of primary or primary and secondary subtests.

Five complementary subtests yield three complementary composite scores to measure related cognitive abilities relevant to assessment and identification of specific learning disabilities, particularly dyslexia and dyscalculia. Variation in testing procedures and goals can reduce time of assessment to 15–20 minutes for the assessment of a single primary index, or increase testing time to three or more hours for a complete assessment, including all primary, ancillary, and complementary indices.

History

The original WISC (Wechsler, 1949) was an adaption of several of the subtests which made up the Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 1939) but also featured several subtests designed specifically for it. The subtests were organized into Verbal and Performance scales, and provided scores for Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ).

Each successive edition has re-normed the test to compensate for the Flynn effect, ensuring not only that the norms do not become outdated which is suggested to result in inflated scores on intelligence measures, but that they are representative of the current population (Flynn, 1984, 1987, 1999; Matarazzo, 1972). Additional updates and refinements include changes to the questions to make them less biased against minorities and females, and updated materials to make them more useful in the administration of the test. A revised edition was published in 1974 as the WISC-R (Wechsler, 1974), featuring the same subtests however the age range was changed from 5-15 to 6-16.

The third edition was published in 1991 (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) and brought with it a new subtest as a measure of processing speed. In addition to the traditional VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ scores, four new index scores were introduced to represent more narrow domains of cognitive function: the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), the Perceptual Organization Index (POI), the Freedom from Distractibility Index (FDI), and the Processing Speed Index (PSI).

The WISC-IV was produced in 2003. The WISC-V was published in 2014. The WISC-V has a total of 21 subtests. It yields 15 composite scores.

Test format

The WISC is one test in a suite of Wechsler intelligence scales. Subjects 16 and over are tested with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and children ages two years and six months to seven years and seven months are tested with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). There is some overlap between tests, with children aged 6 years 0 months through 7 years 7 months being able to complete the WPPSI or the WISC, and children aged 16 being able to complete the WISC-V or the WAIS-IV. Different floor effect and ceiling effect can be achieved using the different tests, allowing for a greater understanding of the child's abilities or deficits. This means that a 16-year-old child who has intellectual disability may be tested using the WISC-V so that the clinician may see the floor of their knowledge (the lowest level).

There are five primary index scores, the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Visual Spatial Index (VSI), Fluid Reasoning Index (FRI), Working Memory Index (WMI), and Processing Speed Index (PSI). Two subtests must be administered to obtain each of the primary index scores; thus, a total of 10 subtests are primary subtests. The Full Scale IQ is derived from 7 of the 10 primary subtests: Both Verbal Comprehension subtests, one Visual Spatial subtest, two Fluid Reasoning subtests, one Working Memory subtest, and one Processing Speed subtest. Verbal Comprehension and Fluid Reasoning are weighted more heavily in the Full Scale IQ to reflect the importance of crystallized and fluid abilities in modern intelligence models (Wechsler, 2014).

The VCI is derived from the Similarities and Vocabulary subtests. The Verbal Comprehension scale subtests are described below:

• Similarities – (primary, FSIQ) asking how two words are alike/similar.
• Vocabulary – (primary, FSIQ) examinee is asked to define a provided word
• Information (secondary) – general knowledge questions.
• Comprehension – (secondary) questions about social situations or common concepts.

The VCI is an overall measure of verbal concept formation (the child's ability to verbally reason) and is influenced by semantic knowledge.

The VSI is derived from the Block Design and Visual Puzzles subtests. These subtests are as follows:

• Block Design (primary, FSIQ) – children put together red-and-white blocks in a pattern according to a displayed model. This is timed, and some of the more difficult puzzles award bonuses for speed.
• Visual Puzzles (primary) – children view a puzzle in a stimulus book and choose from among pieces which three could construct the puzzle.

The VSI is a measure of visual spatial processing.

The FRI is derived from the Matrix Reasoning and Figure Weights subtests. The Fluid Reasoning scale subtests are described below:

• Matrix Reasoning (primary, FSIQ) – children are shown an array of pictures with one missing square, and select the picture that fits the array from five options.
• Figure Weights (primary, FSIQ) – children view a stimulus book that pictures shapes on a scale (or scales) with one empty side and select the choice that keeps the scale balanced.
• Picture Concepts (secondary) – children are provided with a series of pictures presented in rows (either two or three rows) and asked to determine which pictures go together, one from each row.
• Arithmetic (secondary) – orally administered arithmetic questions. Timed.

The FRI is a measure of inductive and quantitative reasoning.

The WMI is derived from the Digit Span and Picture Span subtests. The Working Memory scale's subtests are as follows:

• Digit Span (primary, FSIQ) – children are orally given sequences of numbers and asked to repeat them, either as heard and in reverse order.
• Picture Span (primary) – children view pictures in a stimulus book and then select from among options to indicate the pictures they saw, in order if possible.
• Letter-Number Sequencing (secondary) – children are provided a series of numbers and letters and asked to provide them back to the examiner in a predetermined order.

The WMI is a measure of working memory ability.

The PSI is derived from the Coding and Symbol Search subtests. The Processing Speed subtests are as follows:

• Coding (primary, FSIQ) – children under 8 mark rows of shapes with different lines according to a code, children over 8 transcribe a digit-symbol code. The task is time-limited with bonuses for speed.
• Symbol Search (primary) – children are given rows of symbols and target symbols, and asked to mark whether or not the target symbols appear in each row.
• Cancellation (secondary) – children scan random and structured arrangements of pictures and marks specific target pictures within a limited amount of time.

The PSI is a measure of processing speed.

The 2014 publication of the WISC-V contained five ancillary index scores that may be derived for special clinical purposes or situations: the Quantitative Reasoning Index (QRI), the Auditory Working Memory Index (AWMI), the Nonverbal Index (NVI), the General Ability Index (GAI), and the Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI). Three of these ancillary index scores (i.e., NVI, GAI, and CPI) can be derived from the 10 primary subtests. The QRI and the AWMI can each be derived by administering one additional subtest from subtests that are within one of the five primary scales (Verbal Comprehension scale, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning scale, Working Memory scale, and Processing Speed scale) but are not primary. The set of these subtests is termed secondary subtests (Wechsler, 2014).

Two ancillary index scores termed the expanded index scores were released the year after the 2014 publication, so are not included in the published manuals. These are the Verbal (Expanded Crystallized) Index (VECI) and the Expanded Fluid Index (EFI) (Raiford, Drozdick, Zhang, & Zhou, 2015).

Three complementary index scores are available to measure cognitive processes that are important to achievement and are sensitive to specific learning disabilities. The complementary index scores are the Naming Speed Index (NSI), designed to measure rapid automatized naming, and the Symbol Translation Index, designed to measure visual-verbal associative memory, which is sometimes termed visual-verbal paired associate learning in the published literature (Wechsler, 2014). The Naming Speed scale contains Naming Speed Literacy, which measures rapid automatic naming, and Naming Speed Literacy, which is the only commercially published and normed measure of rapid quantity naming, also known as subitizing. Naming Speed Quantity is uniquely sensitive to math achievement and specific learning disabilities in mathematics (Raiford et al., 2016; Wechsler, Raiford, & Holdnack, 2014).

Psychometric properties

The WISC–V normative sample consisted of 2,200 children between the ages of 6 and 16 years 11 months. In addition to the normative sample, a number of special group samples were collected, including the following: children identified as intellectually gifted, children with mild or moderate intellectual disability, children with specific learning disorders (reading, written expression, and math), children with ADHD, children with disruptive behavior, children who are English Language Learners, children with autism spectrum disorder with language impairment, children with autism spectrum disorder without language impairment, and children with traumatic brain injuries.

The WISC–V is also linked with measures of achievement, adaptive behavior, executive function, and behavior and emotion. Equivalency studies were also conducted within the Wechsler family of tests and with a Kaufman test (the KABC-II) enabling comparisons between various intellectual ability scores over the lifespan. A number of concurrent studies were conducted to examine the scale's reliability and validity. Evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of the WISC–V is provided by correlational studies with the following instruments: WISC–IV, WPPSI–IV, WAIS–IV, WASI–II, KABC–II, KTEA–3, WIAT–III, NEPSY–II, Vineland–II, and BASC–II. Evidence of construct validity was provided through a series of factor-analytic studies and mean comparisons using matched samples of special group and nonclinical children.

Uses

The WISC is used not only as an intelligence test, but as a clinical tool. Some practitioners use the WISC as part of an assessment to diagnose attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities, for example. This is usually done through a process called pattern analysis, in which the various subtests' scores are compared to one another (ipsative scoring) and clusters of unusually low scores in relation to the others are searched for. David Wechsler himself suggested this in 1958.

However, the research does not show this to be a very effective way to diagnose ADHD or learning disabilities. The vast majority of ADHD children do not display certain subtests substantially below others, and many children who display such patterns do not have ADHD. Other patterns for children with learning disabilities show a similar lack of usefulness of the WISC as a diagnostic tool. Although, when Cattell Horn Carrol (CHC) theory is used to interpret the WISC–V subtests, things tend to make a great deal more sense.

When diagnosing children, best practice suggests that a multi-test battery (i.e., multi-factored evaluation) should be used as learning problems, attention, and emotional difficulties can have similar symptoms, co-occur, or reciprocally influence each other. For example, children with learning difficulties can become emotionally distraught and thus have concentration difficulties, begin to exhibit behavior problems, or both. Children with ADD or ADHD may show learning difficulties because of their attentional problems or also have learning disorder or disability (or have nothing else). In short, while diagnosis of any childhood or adult difficulty should never be made based on IQ alone (or interview, physician examination, parent report, other test etc. for that matter) the cognitive ability test can help rule out, in conjunction with other tests and sources of information, other explanations for problems, uncover co-morbid problems, and be a rich source of information when properly analyzed and care is taken to avoid relying simply on the single summary IQ score (Sattler, Dumont, & Coalson, 2016).

The WISC can be used to show discrepancies between a child's intelligence and his/her performance at school (and it is this discrepancy that school psychologists look for when using this test). In a clinical setting, learning disabilities can be diagnosed through a comparison of intelligence scores and scores on an achievement test, such as the Woodcock Johnson III or Wechsler Individual Achievement Test II. If a child's achievement is below what would be expected given their level of intellectual functioning (as derived from an IQ test such as the WISC-IV), then a learning disability may be present. Other psychologists and researchers believe that the WISC can be used to understand the complexities of the human mind by examining each subtest and can, indeed, help in diagnosing learning disabilities.

Subsequently, the WISC can be used as part of an assessment battery to identify intellectual giftedness, learning difficulties, and cognitive strengths and weaknesses. When combined with other measures such as the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System–II (ABAS–II; Harrison & Oakland, 2003) and the Children's Memory Scale (CMS; Cohen, 1997) its clinical utility can be enhanced. Combinations such as these provide information on cognitive and adaptive functioning, both of which are required for the proper diagnosis of learning difficulties and learning and memory functioning resulting in a richer picture of a child's cognitive functioning.

The WISC–V is linked with the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement–Third Edition (KTEA–3; Kaufman & Kaufman, 2014) and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-III (WIAT–III; Pearson, 2009), a measure of academic achievement. This linkage provides information on both cognitive ability and academic achievement in children. Tests of intellectual functioning are used extensively in school settings to evaluate specific cognitive deficits that may contribute to low academic achievement, and to predict future academic achievement. Using the WISC–V in such a manner provides information for educational intervention purposes, such as interventions that address learning difficulties and cognitive deficits.

The WISC–V can also be used to assess a child's cognitive development, with respect to the child's chronological age. Using such comparisons with other sources of data, the WISC can contribute information concerning a child's developmental and psychological well-being. Very high or very low scores may suggest contributing factors for adjustment difficulties in social contexts that present problems in accepting such developmental diversity (or that cannot accommodate more than a certain level of high cognitive functioning.)

Translations

WISC has been translated or adapted to many languages, and norms have been established for a number of countries, including Spanish, Portuguese (Brazil and Portugal), Arabic, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Czech, Croatian, French (France and Canada), German (Germany, Austria and Switzerland), English (United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia), Welsh, Dutch, Japanese, Chinese (Hong Kong), Korean (South Korea), Greek, Romanian, Slovenian and Italian. Separate norms are established with each translation. (Norway uses the Swedish norms). India uses the Malin's Intelligence Scale for Children (MISIC), an adaptation of WISC. The fourth edition of WISC was adapted and standardized for India in 2012. The Japanese versions of the WISC-IV was developed by Japanese psychologists Kazuhiko Ueno, Kazuhiro Fujita, Hisao Maekawa, Toshinori Ishikuma, Hitoshi Dairoku, and Osamu Matsuda.

See also

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

References

Literature

• Cohen, M. (1997). Children's memory scale. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
• Flynn, J. R. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95(1), 29–51.
• Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 171–191.
• Flynn, J. R. (1999). Searching for justice: The discovery of IQ gains over time. American Psychologist, 54(1), 5–20.
• Harrison, P. L., & Oakland, T. (2003). Adaptive behaviour assessment system–second edition). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
• Kaplan, R.M. & Saccuzzo, D.P. (2005). Psychological Testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth
• Kaufman, A. S., Raiford, S. E., & Coalson, D. L. (2016). Intelligent Testing with the WISC-V. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
• Matarazzo, J. D. (1972). Wechsler's measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (5th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
• Raiford, S. E., Zhang, O., Drozdick, L. W., Getz, K., Wahlstrom, D., Gabel, A., Holdnack, J. A., & Daniel, M. (2016). WISC-V Coding and Symbol Search in digital format: Reliability, validity, special group studies, and interpretation. Retrieved from http://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/Assets/WISC-V/Qi-Processing-Speed-Tech-Report.pdf
• Raiford, S. E., Drozdick, L. W., Zhang, O., & Xuechun, X. (2015). Expanded index scores (WISC-V technical report 1). Bloomington, MN: Pearson. Retrieved from http://downloads.pearsonclinical.com/images/Assets/WISC-V/WISC-VTechReport1_FNL_v3.pdf
• The Psychological Corporation. (2001). Wechsler individual achievement test—second edition. San Antonio, TX: Author.
• Ward, S.B., Ward, T. J., Hatt, C.V., Young, D.L, & Mollner, N.R. (1995). The incidence and utility of the ACID, ACIDS, and SCAD profiles in a referred population. Psychology in the Schools, 32(4), 267-276
• Watkins, M.W., Kush, J., & Glutting, J.J. (1997). Discriminant and predictive validity of the WISC-III ACID profile among children with learning disabilities. Psychology in the Schools, 34(4), 309-319
• Wechsler, D. (1939). Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
• Wechsler, D. (1949). Wechsler intelligence scale for children. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
• Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler intelligence scale for children—revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
• Wechsler, D. (1991). The Wechsler intelligence scale for children—third edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
• Wechsler, D. (2004). The Wechsler intelligence scale for children—fourth edition. London: Pearson.
• Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fifth edition. Bloomington, MN: Pearson.

External links

• WISC-IV at Fairleigh Dickinson University site
• David Wechsler Biography [1]

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Impairment in non-word repetition: a marker for language impairment or reading impairment?

• Baird G, Slonims V, Simonoff E, Dworzynski K.SourceNewcomen Child Development Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London ?Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London ?Royal College of Physicians, London, UK.
• Developmental medicine and child neurology.Dev Med Child Neurol.2011 Aug;53(8):711-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03936.x. Epub 2011 May 18.
• Aim? A deficit in non-word repetition (NWR), a measure of short-term phonological memory proposed as a marker for language impairment, is found not only in language impairment but also in reading impairment. We evaluated the strength of association between language impairment and reading impairmen
• PMID 21585364

Japanese Journal

• LD通級指導対象児の適応・指導効果・予後に影響を及ぼす要因に関する検討　―WISC-Ⅲプロフィールと環境的要因の視点から―

• 今西 満子,小山 ありさ,玉村 公二彦,イマニシ ミツコ,コヤマ アリサ,タマムラ クニヒコ,IMANISHI Mitsuko,KOYAMA Arisa,TAMAMURA Kunihiko
• 教育実践総合センター研究紀要 20, 145-157, 2011-03-31
• … 本研究においては、LD通級指導教室における通級指導もしくは教育相談を利用した児童のWISC-Ⅲプロフィールのタイプ分類を群指数間の差に基づいて行い、適応・指導効果・予後に影響を及ぼす要因について検討を行ったところ、各要因間の関連性とともに、早期対応の重要性、学校や家庭における環境の整備の重要性と、それらを支える制度的基盤の拡充の必要性が示唆された。 …
• NAID 120002949202

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「知能検査」「ウェクスラー児童用知能検査第3版改訂版」
関連記事	「II」「I」「WISC」「WI」

「知能検査」

　　[★]

英

intelligence test

同

知能テスト、知能指数検査

関

知能指数

種類

• ビネー式知能検査
• ウェクスラー式知能検査/ウェクスラー成人知能検査

SPE.668

名称		対象年齢	特徴
田中・ビネー式知能検査		2歳～成人	知能をここの因子に分解せずにまとめて測定
WPPSI	Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence	3-7歳	全知能IQ、言語性IQ、動作性IQを独立して測定
WISC-III	Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children	5-16歳
WAIS-R	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale	成人
グッドイナフ人物画知能検査		3-9歳	主に動作性知能を測定

評価

IQ平均100

• 85-100：通常
• 71- 84：境界
• 50- 70：軽度知的障害
• 35? 50：中度知的障害
• 20? 35：重度知的障害

「ウェクスラー児童用知能検査第3版改訂版」

　　[★]

英

Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Third Edition WISC-III WISCR-III

関

ウェクスラー児童用知能検査

「II」

　　[★]

• 蛍光像増倍管 image intensifier
• インスリン分泌指数 インスリノゲニック・インデックス insulinogenic index
• 黄疸指数 icterus index

「I」

　　[★]

• イソロイシン isoleucine
• イノシン inosine
• 阻害剤 inhibitor
• iodine
• ヨード iodide
• I因子 factor I

　 　 　

「WISC」

　　[★] ウェクスラー児童用知能検査 Wechsler intelligence scale for children

「WI」

　　[★] weighted image 強調画像