Visayan Islands

Visayas
Native name: Kabisay-an; Kabisayaan
	; Location of the islands within the Philippines
Geography
Location	South East Asia
Archipelago	Philippines
Major islands	Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Negros, Panay, and Samar
Area	61,077 km2 (23,582 sq mi)
Highest elevation	2,435 m (7,989 ft)
Highest point	Kanlaon
Country
	Philippines
Regions	Central Visayas, Eastern Visayas, Negros Island Region and Western Visayas.
Largest settlement	Cebu City
Demographics
Population	18,003,940 (as of 2010)
Density	278 /km2 (720 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Visayans (Aklanon, Boholano/Bol-anon, Caluyanon, Capiznon, Cebuano, Eskaya, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, Masbateño, Porohanon, Romblomanon, Waray), Ati and other ethnic groups.

WordNet

group of islands in the central Philippines (同)Bisayas
a member of the most numerous indigenous people of the Philippines (同)Bisayan

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/23 20:25:17」(JST)

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The Visayas /vɨˈsaɪəz/ və-SY-əz or Visaya Islands^[2] (Visayan languages: Kabisay-an, Tagalog: Kabisayaan), is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Mindanao and Luzon. It consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea, although the Visayas are considered the northeast extremity of the entire Sulu Sea.^[3] Residents are known as the Visayans.

The major islands of the Visayas are Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar.^[6] The region may also include the islands of Romblon and Masbate, whose population identify as Visayan.

There are four administrative regions in the Visayas: Central Visayas (pop. 6.8 million), Western Visayas (4.7 million), Eastern Visayas (4.1 million) and Negros Island Region (3.6 million).^[1]

1 Etymology
2 History
- 2.1 Historical legends and hypotheses
3 Administrative divisions
- 3.1 Western Visayas (Region VI)
- 3.2 Central Visayas (Region VII)
- 3.3 Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
- 3.4 Negros Island Region (NIR/Region XVIII)
4 Cities and Municipalities
5 Language
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References

Etymology

A theory proposed by some scholars^[7] states that the term Visayas was derived from the name of a 7th-century thalassocratic Malay Srivijaya Empire. In Sanskrit, sri (श्री) means "fortunate," "prosperous," or "happy" and vijaya (विजय) means "victorious" or "excellence". In the 12th century, parts of the Sulu Archipelago and the Visayas Islands were either subject or tributaries of the empire.^[8]

History

The early people in the Visayas region were Austronesians and Negritos who migrated to the islands about 6,000 to 30,000 years ago.^[9] These early settlers were animist tribal groups. In the 12th century, settlers from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya, Majapahit and Brunei, led by the chieftain Datu Puti and his tribes, settled in the island of Panay and its surrounding islands.^[10] It was also during the 12th century that Visayans are said to have made a series of raids along the coast of China. They were said to have a fearsome reputation, and the mention of their name would cause many to flee in terror.^[11] By the 14th century, Arab traders and their followers, venturing into Maritime Southeast Asia, converted some of these tribal groups to Islam. These tribes practiced a mixture of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Animism beliefs. There is evidence of trade among other Asian people. The Visayans were thought to have kept close diplomatic relations with Malaysian and Indonesian kingdoms since the tribal groups of Cebu were able to converse with Enrique of Malacca using the Malay language when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521. The Visayas is subsequently home to several Prehispanic kingdoms like the Rajahnate of Cebu, the Kedatuan of Bohol and the Kedatuan of Madja-as.^[12] Among the archaeological proofs of the existence of this Hiligaynon nation are the artifacts found in pre-Hispanic tombs from many parts of the island, which are now in display at Iloilo Museum. There are also recent discoveries of burial artifacts of eight-foot inhabitants of Isla de Gigantes, including extra-large Lungon (wooden coffins) and pre-Hispanic potteries.^[13]

After the Magellan expedition, King Philip II of Spain sent Miguel López de Legazpi in 1543 and 1565 and claimed the islands for Spain. The Visayas region and many tribes began converting to Christianity and adopting western culture. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the effects of colonization on various ethnic groups soon turned sour and revolutions such as those of Francisco Dagohoy began to emerge.

Various personalities who fought against Spanish Colonial Government arose from the islands. Among the notable ones are Graciano Lopez Jaena from Iloilo,^[14] León Kilat, from Negros Oriental, Venancio Jakosalem Fernandez, from Cebu,^[15] and two personalities from Bohol by the name of Tamblot, who led the Tamblot Uprising in 1621 to 1622 and Francisco Dagohoy, the leader of the Bohol Rebellion that lasted from 1744 to 1829.^[16] Negros briefly had a state in the Visayas in the form of the Cantonal Republic of Negros before it was dissolved because of the American invasion of the Philippines.^[17]

In 2005, Palawan Island was transferred to Region VI (Western Visayas) by Executive Order 429.^[18] However this planned reorganization was held in abeyance.^[5] Hence, Palawan currently remains (as of June 2013) part of Region IV-B.

Historical legends and hypotheses

Historical documents written in 1907 by Visayan historian Pedro Alcántara Monteclaro in his book Maragtas tell the story of the ten leaders (Datus) who escaped from the tyranny of Rajah Makatunaw from Borneo and came to the islands of Panay. The chiefs and followers were said to be the ancestors (from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit) of the Visayan people. The documents were accepted by Filipino historians and found their way into the history of the Philippines. As a result, the arrival of Bornean tribal groups in the Visayas is celebrated in the festivals of the Ati-Atihan in Kalibo, Aklan and Binirayan in San José, Antique. Foreign historians such as William Scott maintains that the book contains a Visayan folk tradition.^[19] Panay boasts of the Hinilawod as its oldest and longest epic.

A contemporary theory based on a study of genetic markers in present-day populations is that Austronesian people from Taiwan populated the region of Luzon and headed south to the Visayas, Borneo, Indonesia, then to Pacific islands and to the east of the Indian Ocean.^[20] The study, though, may not explain inter-island migrations, which are also possible, such as Filipinos migrating to any other Philippine provinces.

According to Visayan folk traditions, the Visayas were populated by Malays from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit migrating from Borneo to Mindanao and to the Visayas, while other Malays crossed to Palawan through Sabah. Other Malays were suggested to have crossed from Samar island to the Bicol region in Luzon. The theory suggests that those ancient tribal groups who passed through Palawan may have migrated to what is now the island of Luzon.

A supplementary theory was that at that period, the Malay people were moving north from Mindanao to the Visayas and to Luzon.

Administrative divisions

A map of the Visayas color-coded according to the constituent regions before the creation of the Negros Island Region.

Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas

Western Visayas

The major islands, from west to east, are Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar.

Administratively, the Visayas is divided into 4 regions, namely Western Visayas, Central Visayas, Eastern Visayas and the Negros Island Region.

The Visayas is composed of 16 provinces, each headed by a Governor. A governor is elected by popular vote and can serve a maximum of three terms consisting of three years each.

As for representation in the House of Representatives, the Visayas is represented by 44 congressmen elected in the same manner as the governors.

Western Visayas (Region VI)

Western Visayas consists of the islands of Panay and the island of Guimaras. The regional center is Iloilo City. Its provinces are:

Aklan
Antique
Capiz
Guimaras
Iloilo

Central Visayas (Region VII)

Central Visayas includes the islands of Cebu and Bohol. The regional center is Cebu City. Its provinces are:

Bohol
Cebu
Siquijor

Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)

Eastern Visayas consists of the islands of Leyte and Samar. The regional center is Tacloban City. Its provinces are:

Biliran
Leyte
Southern Leyte
Eastern Samar
Northern Samar
Samar

Negros Island Region (NIR/Region XVIII)

Negros Island Region (NIR) primarily consists of Negros island and minor islets. The regional center is yet to be designated. Its provinces are:

Negros Occidental
Negros Oriental

Cities and Municipalities

Below is a list of cities and major towns in the Visayas by population.

City/Municipality	Province ^a	Region	Population (2010) ^b	Area (km²) ^c	Population density (per km²)	Legal Class ^d	Income Class ^d	Notes
Cebu City	Cebu	Region 7	866,171	315.00	2749.75	Highly urbanized city	Special class	Capital of Cebu; regional center of Region 7
Bacolod	Negros Occidental	Region 18	511,820	162.67	3146.37	Highly urbanized city	1st class	Capital of Negros Occidental; de facto interim/temporary regional center of Region 18 (joint with Dumaguete)
Iloilo City	Iloilo	Region 6	424,619	78.34	6213.33	Highly urbanized city	1st class	Capital of Iloilo; regional center of Region 6
Lapu-Lapu	Cebu	Region 7	350,467	58.10	6032.13	Highly urbanized city	1st class
Mandaue	Cebu	Region 7	331,320	25.18	13158.06	Highly urbanized city	1st class
Tacloban	Leyte	Region 8	221,174	201.72	1096.44	Highly urbanized	1st class	Capital of Leyte; regional center of Region 8
Talisay	Cebu	Region 7	200,772	39.87	5035.67	Component city	3rd class
Ormoc	Leyte	Region 8	191,200	613.60	311.6	Independent component city	1st class
Kabankalan	Negros Occidental	Region 18	167,666	697.35	240.43	Component city	1st class
Bago	Negros Occidental	Region 18	163,045	401.20	406.39	Component city	2nd class
Toledo	Cebu	Region 7	157,078	216.28	726.27	Component city	3rd class
Roxas	Capiz	Region 6	156,197	95.07	1642.97	Component city	2nd class	Capital of Capiz
Cadiz	Negros Occidental	Region 18	151,500	542.57	279.23	Component city	2nd class
Sagay	Negros Occidental	Region 18	140,740	330.34	426.05	Component	3rd class
San Carlos	Negros Occidental	Region 18	129,981	451.50	287.89	Component city	2nd class
Silay	Negros Occidental	Region 18	120,999	214.80	563.31	Component city	3rd class
Dumaguete	Negros Oriental	Region 18	120,883	33.62	3595.57	Component city	3rd class	Capital of Negros Oriental; de facto interim/temporary regional center of Region 18 (joint with Bacolod)
Danao	Cebu	Region 7	119,252	107.30	1111.39	Component city	3rd class
Bayawan	Negros Oriental	Region 18	114,074	699.08	163.18	Component city	2nd class
Carcar	Cebu	Region 7	107,323	116.78	919.02	Component	4th class
Himamaylan	Negros Occidental	Region 18	103,006	367.04	280.64	Component city	3rd class
Baybay	Leyte	Region 8	102,841	459.30	223.91	Component city	n/a
Naga	Cebu	Region 7	101,571	101.97	996.09	Component city	n/a
Talisay	Negros Occidental	Region 18	97,571	223.73	436.11	Component city	4th class
Tagbilaran	Bohol	Region 7	96,792	331.80	291.72	Component city	3rd class	Capital of Bohol
Catbalogan	Samar	Region 8	94,317	274.22	343.95	Component city	n/a
Guihulngan	Negros Oriental	Region 18	93,675	388.56	241.08	Component city	n/a
Escalante	Negros Occidental	Region 18	93,005	192.76	482.49	Component city	n/a
Victorias	Negros Occidental	Region 18	88,299	133.92	659.34	Component city	4th class
Catarman	Northern Samar	Region 8	84,833	464.43	182.66	Municipality	1st class	Capital of Northern Samar
Maasin	Southern Leyte	Region 8	81,250	211.71	383.78	Component city	4th class	Capital of Southern Leyte
Passi	Iloilo	Region 6	79,633	251.39	316.77	Component city	3rd class
Tanjay	Negros Oriental	Region 18	79,098	267.05	296.19	Component city	4th class
Kalibo	Aklan	Region 6	74,619	45.75	1631.02	Municipality	1st class	Capital of Aklan
Bais	Negros Oriental	Region 18	74,722	319.64	227.51	Component city	3rd class
Bogo	Cebu	Region 7	69,911	103.52	675.34	Component city	4th class
Sipalay	Negros Occidental	Region 18	67,403	379.78	177.48	Component city	4th class
Borongan	Eastern Samar	Region 8	64,457	475.00	135.7	Component city	n/a	Capital of Eastern Samar
La Carlota	Negros Occidental	Region 18	63,852	137.29	465.09	Component city	4th class
Canlaon	Negros Oriental	Region 18	50,627	170.93	2.96	Component city	4th class
San Jose de Buenavista	Antique	Region 6	63,852	137.29	465.09	Municipality	1st class	Capital of Antique
Mabinay	Negros Oriental	Region 18	74,187	319.44	232.24	Municipality	1st class
Naval	Biliran	Region 8	48,799	108.24	450.84	Municipality	2nd class	Capital of Biliran
Jordan	Guimaras	Region 6	34,791	126.11	275.88	Municipality	3rd class	Capital of Guimaras
Siquijor	Siquijor	Region 7	25,231	82.06	307.47	Municipality	3rd class	Capital of Siquijor

Notes

^a Highly urbanized cities (HUCs) and independent component cities are legally independent from any province, although they are often grouped with the province they belonged to prior to becoming cities. The province indicated for such cities, as grouped by the National Statistical Coordination Board, is in italics.

^b Population figures are from the 2010 Census Website.

^c Land area figures are taken from the National Statistical Coordination Board

^d Information on income class (as of June 2012) are from the National Statistical Coordination Board.

Language

Languages spoken at home are primarily Visayan languages despite the usual misconception that these are dialects of a single language. Major languages include Hiligaynon or Ilonggo in much of Western Visayas, Cebuano in Central Visayas, and Waray in Eastern Visayas. Other dominant languages are Aklanon, Kinaray-a and Capiznon. Filipino, the national language based on Tagalog, is widely comprehensible but seldom used. English, an official language, is more widely known and is preferred as the second language most especially among urbanized Visayans. For instance, the latter is frequently used in schools, public signs and mass media.

Notes

^ ^a ^b "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (PDF). 2010 Census and Housing Population. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
^ "Visayan Islands" Merriam-Webster Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/visayan%20islands
^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Sulu Sea. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Washington DC
^ "Executive Order No. 429". President of the Philippines. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ ^a ^b "Administrative Order No. 129". President of the Philippines. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ On May 23, 2005, Palawan and Puerto Princesa City were moved to Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429.^[4] However, on August 19, 2005, President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to hold the earlier EO 429 in abeyance pending a review.^[5] As of 2010^[update], Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa still remain a part of the MIMAROPA region.
^ Jovito S. Abellana, "Bisaya Patronymesis Sri Visjaya" (Ms., Cebuano Studies Center, ca. 1960)
^ Rasul, Jainal D. (2003). Agonies and Dreams: The Filipino Muslims and Other Minorities. Quezon City: CARE Minorities. pp. 77.
^ Gray, RD; Drummond, AJ; Greenhill, SJ (2009). "Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement". Science 323 (5913): 479–483. doi:10.1126/science.1166858. PMID 19164742.
^ G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, A History of the Orient, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, p. 120.
^ Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials. p. 74.
^ In Panay, the existence of highly developed and independent principalities of Ogtong (Oton) and Araut (Dumangas) was well known to early Spanish settlers in the Philippines. The Augustinian historian Gaspar de San Agustin, for example, wrote about the existence of an ancient and illustrious nobility in Araut, in his book Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615). He said: "También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida nobleza de toda aquella isla." Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A., Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615), Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374-375.
^ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=491869557572311&set=a.216088591817077.50089.112008012225136&type=1&theater
^ Dr. Robert L. Yoder, FAPC."Graciano López Jaena". Universitat Wien. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
^ "Venancio's Leon Kilat". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
^ "The Dagohoy Rebellion". Watawat.net. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
^ WorldStatesmen. "Philippines - Republic of Negros". Retrieved 10 August 2010.
^ President of the Philippines. "Executive order No. 429". Office of the Press Secretary. Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
^ Scott 1984, pp. 81–103.
^ Cristian Capelli et al. (2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.

References

Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History. New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0226-4. .

Coordinates: 11°00′N 123°30′E / 11.000°N 123.500°E / 11.000; 123.500

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