関: Trichina、Trichinella spiralis

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Trichinella is the genus of parasitic roundworms of the phylum Nematoda that cause trichinosis (also known as trichinellosis). Members of this genus are often called trichinella or trichina worms. A characteristic of Nematoda is the one-way digestive tract, with a pseudocoelom (body cavity made up of only an ectoderm and endoderm).

The genus was first recognised in a larval form in 1835. The L1 larvae live in a modified skeletal muscle cell. The adult worms occupy a membrane-bound portion of columnar epithelium, living as intramulticellular parasites. Infections with this genus have been reported from more than 150 different naturally or experimentally infected hosts. It has been shown to have a worldwide distribution in domestic and/or sylvatic animals.

Trichinella is known as the smallest human nematode parasite, yet it is also the largest of all intracellular parasites.

Oral ingestion of larvae-contaminated tissue is the usual route of infection, but congenital and mammary transmission can occur in rats.^[1]

Phylogenetics

Eight species are currently recognized. Four additional genotypes require adequate description before they can be recognized as valid species.

Two main clades are recognized in the genus: one group (T. britovi, T. murrelli, T. nativa, T. nelsoni, T. spiralis) that encapsulates in host muscle tissue and a second (T. papuae, T. pseudospiralis, T. zimbabwensis) that does not.

The nonencapsulated group infects saurians, crocodilians, and other nonavian archosaurs (T. papuae, T. zimbabwensis) and birds (T. pseudospiralis). The encapsulated group infects synapsid and mammalian hosts. T. spiralis and T. nelsoni appear to be basal in the encapsulated group and T. murrelli and T. nativa the most recently evolved.

Prevalence in animals and humans

A microscope for Trichinella detection (from 1847).

Trichinella species can infect swine, horses, wild animals (foxes, wolves, bears, skunk, raccoons, rats, and other small mammals), and humans.

In swine, the prevalence varies from country to country, and regionally. Long-standing meat inspection programs in some European countries have drastically lowered prevalence rates among domestic swine. Domestic swine can be exposed to the parasite by:

Feeding of animal waste products or other feed contaminated with Trichinella
Exposure to infected rodents or other infected wildlife
Cannibalism within an infected herd

In wild animals, Trichinella infection rates vary from region to region and seem to increase in colder climates. Foxes, wolves, and bears have the highest infection rates, but small mammals, such as skunks, raccoons, and rats, provide the highest risk to infecting the domestic pig. In horses, natural infections are rare; however, infected horses from Mexico and Romania have been identified.

Human infection caused by the domestic pig varies from country to country. While some countries do not report any human infection, other countries in Eastern Europe and Asia report hundreds or thousands of cases annually.

The United States reported 25 cases per year from 1991–1996, with few implicating raw or undercooked pork. Documented sources of human infection have also included game meats, such as wild boar, bear, walrus, fox, and cougar. During 1997–2001, meats other than pork were the most common source of infection, with more cases associated with home-raised pork than commercial. The decreased incidence of trichinellosis in the United States has resulted from changes in pork industry management standards and government regulations.^[2]

In Finland, meat inspection revealed a small but worrisome number of swine infections in the early 1980s, peaking in 1996. However, due to the swine industry's modernization process, the number of cases decreased, with the last infected swine diagnosed in 2004. As of 2005, only eight known human infections were reported in Finland since the 1800s, with the last one more than three decades ago.^[3]

A study of the sera from 197 wild boars from 25 farms slaughtered in Finland between 2007 and 2008 found four (2.0%) of the sera, originating from three (12.0%) farms, to be Trichinella-seropositive.^[4]

Trichinosis is often diagnosed in humans once the larvae invade the muscle tissue. Some symptoms include fever, myalgia, malaise, and edema. Trichinosis treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, and corticosteroids are usually administered. This treatment often leads to complete recovery, but muscle pain and weakness may persist.

Treatment

Treatment is by either thiabendazole or mebendazole.

Prevention

Cooking pork meat properly or by freezing pork, Trichinella infection can be prevented. However, freezing pork is not an effective method for killing larvae.

One way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures (145 °F and a three-minute rest for fresh pork).^[5] A food thermometer should be used to measure the internal temperature of cooked meat. Do not sample meat until it is cooked.

To help prevent Trichinella infection in animal populations, do not allow pigs or wild animals to eat uncooked meat, scraps, or carcasses of any animals, including rats, which may be infected with Trichinella,^[6] which helps break the oral ingestion route of infection.

References

^ http://www.jarvm.com/articles/Vol4Iss4/MatengaRats.pdf
^ Kennedy, Erin. "Trichinellosis Surveillance - United States 2002-2007". CDC. Retrieved 4/9/2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Airas, N.; Saari, S.; Makkonen, T.; et al. (2010). “Sylvatic Trichinella spp. Infection in Finland.” The Journal of Parasitology. February 2010; 96, p. 67.
^ Jokelainen P, Näreaho A, Hälli O, Heinonen M, Sukura A (June 2012). "Farmed wild boars exposed to Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp". Vet. Parasitol. 187 (1-2): 323–7. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.026. PMID 22244535.
^ http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html
^ <http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/prevent.html>

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Practical methods for collecting Trichinella parasites and their excretory-secretory products.

Wu Z1, Nagano I2, Takahashi Y2, Maekawa Y2.
Parasitology international.Parasitol Int.2016 Oct;65(5 Pt B):591-595. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.001. Epub 2016 Aug 3.
Trichinella is a unique nematode. Its developmental stages include adult worms, newborn larvae, and muscle larvae. Besides humans, the parasite also infects many kinds of animals, including mice. Mice are widely used as an animal model in the research fields of immunology, cell biology, and host-par
PMID 27495839

In vivo assay of IgE activities on the expulsion of intestinal adult worms.

Matsumoto M1.
Parasitology international.Parasitol Int.2016 Oct;65(5 Pt B):506-509. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.005. Epub 2016 Feb 15.
A physiological role of immunoglobulin E (IgE) is to promote parasitic helminth expulsion. This assertion is largely based on a series of studies carried out by Capron's laboratory. They observed that IgE is an essential component of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni larvae both in vit
PMID 26892104

P2X7 receptor-dependent tuning of gut epithelial responses to infection.

Huang SW1, Walker C1, Pennock J1, Else K1, Muller W1, Daniels MJ1, Pellegrini C2, Brough D1, Lopez-Castejon G1, Cruickshank SM1.
Immunology and cell biology.Immunol Cell Biol.2016 Sep 20. doi: 10.1038/icb.2016.75. [Epub ahead of print]
Infection and injury of the gut are associated with cell damage and release of molecules such as extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), which is recognised by the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). P2X7R is widely expressed in the gut by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and epithelial cells, b
PMID 27559003

Japanese Journal

北海道で野生化したアライグマ(Procyon lotor)から検出された旋毛虫Trichinella T9の形態学的および分子生物学的解析

小林朋子,金井祐太,奥祐三郎 [他]
Nematological research 41(1), 27-29, 2011-07-00
NAID 40018972984

沖縄島に生息するマングースの内部寄生虫保有調査

石橋治,外村浩幸,佐藤毅史,藤根誠道,川端一幸,角野敬行,我如古創,浅川満彦,小倉剛,砂川勝徳,仲田正
日本野生動物医学会誌 15(2), 87-93, 2010
… また，横隔膜の直接圧平法（n=161）および咬筋，横隔膜および後肢内側筋肉の人工胃液消化法（n=144）では旋毛虫（<I>Trichinella</I> …
NAID 130000823169

寄生虫感染により誘導された非特異的IgEによるI型アレルギー反応の抑制

松岡裕之,大原一倫,田辺正樹
自治医科大学紀要 31, 1-8, 2008-12-01
… つぎにマウスを2群に分け,1群には旋毛虫Trichinella spiralis Polish strain (Tsp)を感染させ,残りの1群には感染させなかった。 …
NAID 110007020089

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「旋毛虫」「旋毛虫属」「旋毛虫類」「トリキネラ」「トリキネラ属」
拡張検索	「Trichinella属」「Trichinella spiralis」

「旋毛虫」

Trichinella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Adenophorea
Order:	Trichocephalida
Family:	Trichinellidae
Genus:	Trichinella; Railliet, 1895
Species
	Trichinella britovi; Trichinella murrelli; Trichinella nativa; Trichinella nelsoni; Trichinella papuae; Trichinella pseudospiralis; Trichinella spiralis; Trichinella zimbabwensis