関: Trichinella、Trichinella spiralis

WordNet

parasitic nematode occurring in the intestines of pigs and rats and human beings and producing larvae that form cysts in skeletal muscles (同)Trichinella_spiralis

PrepTutorEJDIC

センモウチュウ(旋毛虫)(豚などの腸・筋肉などに寄生し,旋毛虫病を起こす)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/25 00:23:13」(JST)

wiki en

Trichinella is the genus of parasitic roundworms of the phylum Nematoda that cause trichinosis (also known as trichinellosis). Members of this genus are often called trichinella or trichina worms. A characteristic of Nematoda is the one-way digestive tract, with a pseudocoelom (body cavity made up of only an ectoderm and endoderm).

The genus was first recognised in a larval form in 1835. The L1 larvae live in a modified skeletal muscle cell. The adult worms occupy a membrane-bound portion of columnar epithelium, living as intramulticellular parasites. Infections with this genus have been reported from more than 150 different naturally or experimentally infected hosts. It has been shown to have a worldwide distribution in domestic and/or sylvatic animals.

Trichinella is known as the smallest human nematode parasite, yet it is also the largest of all intracellular parasites.

Oral ingestion of larvae-contaminated tissue is the usual route of infection, but congenital and mammary transmission can occur in rats.^[1]

Phylogenetics

Eight species are currently recognized. Four additional genotypes require adequate description before they can be recognized as valid species.

Two main clades are recognized in the genus: one group (T. britovi, T. murrelli, T. nativa, T. nelsoni, T. spiralis) that encapsulates in host muscle tissue and a second (T. papuae, T. pseudospiralis, T. zimbabwensis) that does not.

The nonencapsulated group infect saurians, crocodilians and other nonavian archosaurs (T. papuae, T. zimbabwensis) and birds (T. pseudospiralis). The encapsulated group infect synapsid and mammalian hosts. T. spiralis and T. nelsoni appear to be basal in the encapsulated group and T. murrelli and T. nativa the most recently evolved.

Prevalence in animals and humans

Trichinella species can infect swine, horses, wild animals (foxes, wolves, bears, skunk, raccoons, rats, and other small mammals) and humans.

In swine, the prevalence varies from country to country, and regionally. Long-standing meat inspection programs in some European countries have drastically lowered prevalence rates among domestic swine. Domestic swine can be exposed to the parasite by the following three ways:

Feeding of animal waste products or other feed contaminated with Trichinella
Exposure to infected rodents or other infected wildlife
Cannibalism within an infected herd

In wild animals, Trichinella infection rates vary from region to region and seem to increase in colder climates. Foxes, wolves and bears have the highest infection rates, but small mammals, such as skunks, raccoons and rats, provide the highest risk to infecting the domestic pig. In horses, natural infections are rare; however, infected horses from Mexico and Romania have been identified.

Human infection caused by the domestic pig varies from country to country. While some countries do not report any human infection, other countries in Eastern Europe and Asia report hundreds or thousands of cases annually.

The United States reported 25 cases per year from 1991–1996, with few implicating raw or undercooked pork. Documented sources of human infection have also included game meats, such as wild boar, bear, walrus, fox and cougar. During 1997–2001, meats other than pork were the most common source of infection with more cases associated with home-raised pork than commercial. The decreased incidence of trichinellosis in the United States has resulted from changes in pork industry management standards and government regulations.^[2]

In Finland, meat inspection revealed a small but worrisome number of swine infections in the early 1980s, peaking in 1996. However, due to the swine industry's modernization process, the number of cases decreased, with the last infected swine diagnosed in 2004. As of 2005, only eight known human infections were reported in Finland since the 1800s, with the last one more than three decades ago.^[3]

A study of sera of 197 wild boars from 25 farms slaughtered in Finland between 2007 and 2008 found four (2.0%) of the sera, originating from three (12.0%) farms, to be Trichinella-seropositive.^[4]

Trichinosis is often diagnosed in humans once the larvae invade the muscle tissue. Some symptoms include fever, myalgia, malaise and edema. Trichinosis treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, and corticosteroids are usually administered. This treatment often leads to complete recovery, but muscle pain and weakness may persist.

Treatment

Treatment is by either thiabendazole or mebendazole.

Prevention

Cooking pork meat properly or by freezing pork, Trichinella infection can be prevented. However, freezing pork is not an effective method for killing larvae.

One way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. A food thermometer should be used to measure the internal temperature of cooked meat. Do not sample meat until it is cooked.

To help prevent Trichinella infection in animal populations, do not allow pigs or wild animals to eat uncooked meat, scraps, or carcasses of any animals, including rats, which may be infected with Trichinella,^[5] which helps break the oral ingestion route of infection.

Notes and references

^ http://www.jarvm.com/articles/Vol4Iss4/MatengaRats.pdf
^ Kennedy, Erin. "Trichinellosis Surveillance - United States 2002-2007". CDC. Retrieved 4/9/2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ Airas, N.; Saari, S.; Makkonen, T.; et al. (2010). “Sylvatic Trichinella spp. Infection in Finland.” The Journal of Parasitology. February 2010; 96, p. 67.
^ Jokelainen P, Näreaho A, Hälli O, Heinonen M, Sukura A (June 2012). "Farmed wild boars exposed to Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp". Vet. Parasitol. 187 (1-2): 323–7. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.026. PMID 22244535.
^ <http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/prevent.html>

English Journal

Comparative ultrastructural studies of the alterations to mouse lung parenchyma during Trichinella spiralis or Toxocara canis infection.

Dabrowska J, Walski M, Dybicz M, Doligalska M.SourceDepartment of General Biology and Parasitology, Biostructure Centre, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Laboratory of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Parasite immunology.Parasite Immunol.2012 Oct;34(10):455-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01381.x.
Trichinella spiralis and Toxocara canis larvae migrated through the lung and induced many alterations in the lung parenchyma. Using electron microscopy, we identified and described the histopathological changes. These changes resulted from mechanical damage or from local inflammatory reactions provo
PMID 22803684

Real-time PCR as a surveillance tool for the detection of Trichinella infection in muscle samples from wildlife.

Cuttell L, Corley SW, Gray CP, Vanderlinde PB, Jackson LA, Traub RJ.SourceSchool of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton QLD 4343 Australia.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2012 Sep 10;188(3-4):285-93. Epub 2012 Apr 4.
Trichinella nematodes are the causative agent of trichinellosis, a meat-borne zoonosis acquired by consuming undercooked, infected meat. Although most human infections are sourced from the domestic environment, the majority of Trichinella parasites circulate in the natural environment in carnivorous
PMID 22541794

Japanese Journal

AESのS-BOX回路のDPA対策設計(リコンフィギャラブルシステム応用II,デザインガイア2006-VLSI設計の新しい大地を考える研究会)

佐々木稔,岩井啓輔,黒川恭一
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. RECONF, リコンフィギャラブルシステム 106(394), 1-6, 2006-11-23
… RSL)に基づいて,合成体を用いたAESのS-BOX回路をFPGA(Virtex1000)に実装した.また,モジュールレベルのランダムマスク方式に分類される森岡らの方式,プリミティブゲートレベルのランダムマスク方式に分類されるTrichinaらの方式,及び鈴木らのRSL(Random Switching Logic)方式についても実装し,各方式の比較を行った.その結果,LUTを効率的に使用できるMRSL方式がDPA耐性,回路規模,及び設計容易性の面で最も有効であることが確認できた. …
NAID 110005716977

データマスクを利用したDPA対策に対する攻撃

市川哲也,鈴木大輔,佐伯稔
情報処理学会研究報告. CSEC, [コンピュータセキュリティ] 2004(75), 313-320, 2004-07-20
… Trichinaにより提案されているデータマスクによるDPA対策(Masked-AND方式)を施したAESのハードウェア実装に対し,著者らが文献[12]で提案しているリークモデルを用い,Masked-AND方式のDPA対策の効果を評価した.その結果,伝搬遅延に伴う過渡遷移のある状態において,過渡遷移の影響だけで,DPAリークが発生する場合があることを示した.これらを確認するため,著者らが提案する論理シミュレーションによるDPA評価[12]と三菱電機が開 …
NAID 110002664902

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Trichinella」「Trichinella spiralis」

「Trichinella」

Trichinella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Adenophorea
Order:	Trichocephalida
Family:	Trichinellidae
Genus:	Trichinella; Railliet, 1895
Species
	Trichinella britovi; Trichinella murrelli; Trichinella nativa; Trichinella nelsoni; Trichinella papuae; Trichinella pseudospiralis; Trichinella spiralis; Trichinella zimbabwensis