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a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus

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ビールス,ろ過性病原体

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/19 06:38:12」(JST)

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Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) belonging to Bunyaviridae, a family of negative-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. The virus can be transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus.^[1] Toscana is not normally associated with disease, as indicated by high seroprevlance rates (up to 25%) in endemic areas,^[2] but in common with other sandfly transmitted viruses such as Naples virus and Sicilian virus, infection may result in Pappataci fever, an illness with mild fever, headache and myalgia. In serious cases that go undiagnosed, acute meningitis, meningoencephalitis and encephalitis may occur. There is no specific treatment for infection, so treatment is supportive, reducing the severity of symptoms until the immune system has cleared the infection.^[3]

The virus is found in most countries that border the Mediterranean Sea, with the highest incidence in Italy. Infection rates peak during the summer time as sandfly populations grow more abundant.^[4]

Virology

Structure and genome

TOSV has a spherical, enveloped body with an 80–120 nm diameter. The genome is encased in a nucleocapsid and consists of negative-sense RNA broken into three segments, termed L, M and S. L is about 6,400 nucleotides in length, M about 4,200 nucleotides in length, and S about 1,900 nucleotides in length. L encodes for the viral polymerase, M encodes for structural glycoproteins and S encodes for nucleic proteins.

Genetic variability

Diagnosis

Laboratory diagnosis of TOSV infection can be performed through the use of ELISA, immunofluorescence and/or neutralization tests,^[5] but reverse transcription, real-time polymerase chain reaction assays are preferred because they are less time-consuming and reduce the risk of contamination.^[5]^[6]

Epidemiology

This virus is a leading cause of acute meningitis between May and October in Central Italy and in other northern Mediterranean countries (Croatia, France, Greece, Portugal and Spain) as well as several of the eastern Mediterranean countries (Cyprus and Turkey). It is among the 3 most prevalent viruses associated with meningitis during the warm seasons: the other two are enteroviruses and herpesviruses.

History

Toscana virus (TOSV) was first isolated in 1971 from Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi in Monte Argentario (Grosseto, Tuscany).^[7]

References

^ Valassina, M.; Cusi, M. G.; Valensin, P. E. (2003). "A Mediterranean arbovirus: The Toscana virus". Journal of neurovirology 9 (6): 577–583. doi:10.1080/13550280390247678. PMID 14602570.
^ Braito, A.; Corbisiero, R.; Corradini, S.; Marchi, B.; Sancasciani, N.; Fiorentini, C.; Ciufolini, M. G. (1997). "Evidence of Toscana virus infections without central nervous system involvement: A serological study". European journal of epidemiology 13 (7): 761–764. doi:10.1023/A:1007422103992. PMID 9384264.
^ Arboviral Infections (Report). Virginia Department of Health. http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/DEE/Vectorborne/arboviralInfections.htm.
^ Valassina, M.; Cusi, M. G.; Valensin, P. E. (2003). "A Mediterranean arbovirus: The Toscana virus". Journal of neurovirology 9 (6): 577–583. doi:10.1080/13550280390247678. PMID 14602570.
^ ^a ^b Cusi, M. G.; Savellini, G. G. (2011). "Diagnostic tools for Toscana virus infection". Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 9 (7): 799–805. doi:10.1586/eri.11.54. PMID 21810052.
^ Pérez-Ruiz, M.; Collao, X.; Navarro-Marí, J. -M. A.; Tenorio, A. (2007). "Reversetranscription, real-time PCR assay for detection of Toscana virus". Journal of Clinical Virology 39 (4): 276–281. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2007.05.003. PMID 17584525.
^ Charrel RN, Bichaud L, de Lamballerie X (2013) Emergence of Toscana virus in the Mediterranean area. World J Virol 1(5):135–141

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English Journal

Seroprevalence of Toscana virus infection in Tunisia.

Fezaa O, Bahri O, Alaya Bouafif NB, Triki H, Bouattour A.Author information Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et Microbiologie Vétérinaire, Service d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, BP74, 1002 Tunis-Bélvédère, Tunisia.AbstractOBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Toscana virus (TOSV) by an ELISA test and to determine the extent of its circulation in Tunisia.
International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.Int J Infect Dis.2013 Dec;17(12):e1172-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.08.008. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Toscana virus (TOSV) by an ELISA test and to determine the extent of its circulation in Tunisia.METHODS: An indirect ELISA test was performed to detect anti-TOSV IgG. The results were compared to thos
PMID 24103332

Toscana virus infections: A case series from France.

Dupouey J, Bichaud L, Ninove L, Zandotti C, Thirion-Perrier L, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN.Author information UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, 13005 Marseille, France; IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France.AbstractToscana virus (TOSV) is a neglected sandfly-borne pathogen in Mediterranean countries. Although discovered four decades ago, articles that describe the clinical aspects are scarce and consist mostly of case reports, with few series of cases. We studied retrospectively symptomatic TOSV infections in patients hospitalized in Marseille (France) from 2004 to 2011. Seventeen patients were classified as probable or confirmed cases. Fourteen cases (82%) occurred between June and September, and 3 cases in March, April and November. Two cases were potentially imported from Croatia and Tuscany. All patients presented with fever and neurological signs were observed such as aseptic meningitis (n = 6), muscular symptoms (n = 3), or encephalitis (n = 4). The outcome was always favorable. At the acute stage, anti TOSV IgM were observed in 14/17 patients, neutralization tests were positive for 3/8 patients, and RT-PCR confirmed TOSV infections in 5/8 CSF specimens.
The Journal of infection.J Infect.2013 Nov 16. pii: S0163-4453(13)00340-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.11.006. [Epub ahead of print]
Toscana virus (TOSV) is a neglected sandfly-borne pathogen in Mediterranean countries. Although discovered four decades ago, articles that describe the clinical aspects are scarce and consist mostly of case reports, with few series of cases. We studied retrospectively symptomatic TOSV infections in
PMID 24247068