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In taxonomy, Thermoproteus is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae. These prokaryotes are thermophilic sulphur-dependent organisms related to the genera Sulfolobus, Pyrodictium and Desulfurococcus.^[1] They are hydrogen-sulphur autotrophs and can grow at temperatures of up to 95 °C.

Description and significance

Thermoproteus is a genus of anaerobes that grow in the wild by autotrophic sulfur reduction. Like other hyperthermophiles, Thermoproteus represents a living example of some of Earth's earliest organisms, located at the base of the Archaea.

Genome structure

Genetic sequencing of Thermoproteus has revealed much about the organism's modes of metabolism. Total genome length is 1.84 Mbp, and the DNA is double-stranded and circular. Genes are arranged in co-transcribed clusters called operons. The Thermoproteus tenax genome has been completely sequenced.^[2]

Cell structure and metabolism

A significant amount of research has been done on the metabolism of Thermoproteus and other hyperthermophiles as well. Thermoproteus metabolizes autotrophically through sulfur reduction, but it grows much faster by sulfur respiration in cultivation. In T. tenax, a number of metabolic pathways allow the cell to select a mode of metabolism depending on the energy requirements of the cell (depending, for example, on the cell's developmental or growth stage). Like all archaea, Thermoproteus possesses unique membrane lipids, which are ether-linked glycerol derivatives of 20 or 40 carbon branched lipids. The lipids' unsaturations are generally conjugated (as opposed to the unconjugation found in Bacteria and Eukaryota). In Thermosphaera, as in all members of the Crenarchaeota, the membranes are predominated by the 40-carbon lipids that span the entire membrane. This causes the membrane to be composed of monolayers with polar groups at each end. The cells are rod-shaped with diameters of up to 4 micrometres and up to 100 micrometres in length, and reproduce by developing branches on the end of the cell which grow into individual cells. They are motile by flagella.

Ecology

Members of Thermoproteus are found in acidic hot springs and water holes; they have been isolated in these habitats in Iceland, Italy, North America, New Zealand, the Azores, and Indonesia. Their optimal growth temperature is 85 °C.^[3]^[4]

References

^ Woese C; Olsen G (1986). "Archaebacterial phylogeny: perspectives on the urkingdoms.". Syst Appl Microbiol 7: 161–77. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80001-7. PMID 11542063.
^ Siebers B; Zaparty M; Raddatz G; Tjaden B; Albers S-V; et al. (2011). "The Complete Genome Sequence of Thermoproteus tenax: A Physiologically Versatile Member of the Crenarchaeota.". PLoS ONE 6 (10): e24222. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024222. PMC 3189178. PMID 22003381.
^ See the NCBI webpage on Thermoproteus. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
^ Messner P; Pum D; Sára M; Stetter K; Sleytr U (1986). "Ultrastructure of the cell envelope of the archaebacteria Thermoproteus tenax and Thermoproteus neutrophilus". J Bacteriol 166 (3): 1046–54. PMC 215230. PMID 3086286.

External links

NCBI taxonomy page for Thermoproteus
Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Thermoproteus
Search Species2000 page for Thermoproteus
MicrobeWiki page for Thermoproteus
LSPN page for Thermoproteus

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English Journal

One-step synthesis of 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-gluconate by biocatalytic dehydration of d-gluconate.

Matsubara K1, Köhling R2, Schönenberger B2, Kouril T1, Esser D1, Bräsen C1, Siebers B3, Wohlgemuth R4.
Journal of biotechnology.J Biotechnol.2014 Dec 10;191:69-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.005. Epub 2014 Jul 14.
2-Keto-3-deoxy-sugar acids are key intermediates of central metabolism and integral constituents of bacterial (lipo)polysaccharides and cell wall components and are therefore continuously and highly demanded in related research fields. The stereospecific chemical synthesis of chiral 2-keto-deoxy-sug
PMID 25034432

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of trehalose analogues: rapid access to chemical probes for investigating mycobacteria.

Urbanek BL1, Wing DC, Haislop KS, Hamel CJ, Kalscheuer R, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM.
Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.Chembiochem.2014 Sep 22;15(14):2066-70. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201402288. Epub 2014 Aug 19.
Trehalose analogues are emerging as valuable tools for investigating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but progress in this area is slow due to the difficulty in synthesizing these compounds. Here, we report a chemoenzymatic synthesis of trehalose analogues that employs the heat-stable enzyme trehalose sy
PMID 25139066

In vitro assembly and activity of an archaeal CRISPR-Cas type I-A Cascade interference complex.

Plagens A1, Tripp V, Daume M, Sharma K, Klingl A, Hrle A, Conti E, Urlaub H, Randau L.
Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2014 Apr;42(8):5125-38. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku120. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems of type I use a Cas ribonucleoprotein complex for antiviral defense (Cascade) to mediate the targeting and degradation of foreign DNA. To address molecular features of the archaeal type I-A Cascade int
PMID 24500198

Japanese Journal

2Cp15 超好熱菌アーキアThermoproteus tenax由来D-乳酸脱水素酵素の機能解析(酵素学,酵素工学,一般講演)

日本生物工学会大会講演要旨集 64, 42, 2012-09-25
NAID 110009609406

Reconstruction of the central carbohydrate metabolism of Thermoproteus tenax by use of genomic and biochemical data

J. Bacteriol. 186, 2179-2194, 2004
NAID 30021052789

NAD^+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Thermoproteus tenax. The first identified archaeal member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily is a glycolytic enzyme with unusual regulatory properties

J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6149-6156, 1998
NAID 30016339402

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「サーモプロテウス」「テルモプロテウス」「サーモプロテウス属」「Thermoproteales」「Thermoproteaceae」
拡張検索	「Thermoproteus属」

「サーモプロテウス」

Thermoproteus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Kingdom:	Crenarchaeota
Phylum:	Crenarchaeota
Class:	Thermoprotei
Order:	Thermoproteales
Family:	Thermoproteaceae
Genus:	Thermoproteus; Zillig & Stetter, 1982
Species
	T. neutrophilus; T. tenax; T. uzoniensis;