Suriname

　

WordNet

1. a republic in northeastern South America on the Atlantic; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1975 (同)Republic of Suriname, Surinam, Dutch Guiana, Netherlands Guiana
2. a river in Suriname that flows northward to the Atlantic (同)Surinam River
3. monetary unit in Suriname

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. スリナム共和国(南米北東沿岸の国;かつて Dutch(Netherlands)Guiana と呼ばれた;首都はParamaribo)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/16 23:18:11」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

スリナム共和国

Republiek Suriname

（国旗）	（国章）

国の標語: Justitia - Pietas - Fides
（ラテン語: 正義 - 忠誠 - 敬虔な言行）

国歌: 神よ我らのスリナムと共に在ませ

公用語	オランダ語
首都	パラマリボ
最大の都市	パラマリボ
政府 大統領 デシ・ボーターセ 首相 なし 面積 総計 163,270km2（90位） 水面積率 1.1% 人口 総計（2008年） 520,000人（168位） 人口密度 3人/km2 GDP（自国通貨表示） 合計（2008年） 8兆1,909億スリナム・ドル （$） GDP（MER） 合計（2008年） 29億ドル（149位） GDP（PPP） 合計（2008年） 44億ドル（149位） 1人あたり 8,323ドル
独立	オランダより 1975年11月25日
通貨	スリナム・ドル （$）（SRD）
時間帯	UTC -3（DST: なし）
ISO 3166-1	SR / SUR
ccTLD	.sr
国際電話番号	597

スリナム共和国（スリナムきょうわこく、オランダ語:Republiek Suriname）、通称スリナムは、南アメリカの北東部に位置する共和制国家である。東にフランス領ギアナ、西にガイアナ、南にブラジルと国境を接し、北はカリブ海、大西洋に面する。首都はパラマリボ。

かつてはオランダ領ギアナとして知られており、南アメリカで唯一のオランダ語を公用語とする国である。国土の大部分がギアナ高地にあり、面積、人口共に南アメリカで最小の独立国である。

国名

正式名称はオランダ語で、Republiek Suriname。通称、Suriname。

公式の英語表記は、Republic of Suriname（リパブリック・オブ・スリナム）。通称、Suriname。

日本語の表記は、スリナム共和国。通称、スリナム。

国名は先住民のスリネン人に由来している。

歴史

詳細は「スリナムの歴史」を参照

先コロンブス期

ヨーロッパ人が訪れる前、この地には先住民のスリネン人が居住しており、彼らの名前から今日のスリナム共和国の国名が取られた。しかし、16世紀にスリネン人はカリブ族の攻撃によって追い立てられた。

植民地時代

スリナムの地がヨーロッパ（スペイン）人に「発見」されたのは1499年である。16世紀にオランダ、イギリス、フランス、スペインの探検家によって探検され、17世紀に入るとイギリス人とオランダ人が入植し、黒人奴隷を使用してタバコ栽培を行った。両国は領有権を巡り争ったが1667年のブレダ条約でオランダはニューアムステルダム（現ニューヨーク）とスリナムを交換し、その後幾度かイギリスによる占領があったものの、以降オランダの領有権が確定した。

オランダ人は黒人奴隷を使ってコーヒー、カカオ、サトウキビ、綿を栽培したが、奴隷の待遇は劣悪であり、多くの奴隷がプランテーションから脱走し、熱帯雨林に住むインディオの助けを得てボスネガー（英語ではマルーン）となった。現在もサラマカ、パラマカ、ンドュカ（アルカン）、クウィンティ、アルク（ボニ）、マタワイなどのボスネガー部族が存在している。ボスネガーはしばしば新しい仲間を募るため、また、女性や、武器、食料、物資を得るためにプランテーションを襲撃した。これらの襲撃はしばしばプランターやその家族を死に至らしめたが、ボスネガーの討伐作戦は度々失敗し、ヨーロッパ人は19世紀に彼らと平和協定を結んだ。これによりボスネガーは独立した地位と交易の権利を認められた。

その後、1863年に奴隷制度が廃止されたが、1873年まで完全解放はされなかった。奴隷達の多くは自由になるとすぐに数世代に渡って彼らを苦しめたプランテーションから逃れ、パラマリボに流入した。このことによりスリナムにおける農場経営は一時停滞したが、スリナムのプランテーションは手作業の労働者に大きく依存していたため、労働力の不足を補うためにオランダ領東インド（現在のインドネシア、特にジャワ島）やインドから契約移民を受け入れ新たな労働力とした。さらに19世紀後半から20世紀初頭にかけて、中国から移民を受け入れ、また中東からも小数の移民が導入された。スリナムの人口は少ないが、このような歴史により、スリナムは世界でも多様な民族性と文化を持つ国となっている。

1954年にはオランダから自治権を獲得し、1973年にNPK（多くが黒人やムラートのクレオールからなる政党）がオランダ政府と完全独立のための交渉を始め、1975年11月25日に完全独立した。分離手当ては非常に実質的であり、独立後最初の10年間のスリナム経済の大部分がオランダ政府の対外援助からなった。

独立以降

1980年に陸軍曹長のデシ・ボーターセによる軍部のクーデターが起き、スリナムの社会主義化が国家軍事評議会のもとで進められソ連、キューバと親密な関係を築いた。1982年には反対派指導者15名が処刑されたため、オランダは援助を停止した。1983年にアメリカ合衆国が社会主義を掲げるグレナダに侵攻。スリナムとキューバの関係は悪化した。1986年にはボスネガー（アフリカ系の逃亡奴隷の子孫）の反乱による内戦が勃発した。

1987年11月の総選挙で軍部が敗退すると、1988年には新憲法のもとでジャンカル大統領が選出され民政復帰を果たした。オランダが再び援助を再開したが、1990年にボーターセによる軍事クーデターが再び勃発した。クーデターによりオランダは再び援助を停止。ジャンカルは退陣した。1991年の総選挙ではフェネティアン大統領が選出され、アメリカ合衆国とオランダとの関係を回復した。1992年にはオランダによる人道的援助が再開され、ボーターセ軍司令官が辞任（2010年、民選大統領として復権）した。エコツーリズムが発達し、2000年に中部スリナム自然保護区がユネスコの世界遺産となった。

政治

詳細は「スリナムの政治」を参照

1980年2月25日、クーデターが発生した。軍が実権を握り、軍が任命した大統領が就任した。1981年11月の総選挙で軍政は崩壊し、野党の連合政権が登場したが、1990年12月にまた軍のクーデターが起こり、再び倒された。 スリナムの政治は、1987年制定の憲法によっている。立法府は一院制の議会で構成されており、定数は51名。5年ごとに改選される。

議会の3分の2以上の賛成によって選出された大統領が、行政府を取り仕切る。大統領の任期は5年。投票がそれに満たない場合は、議会と地方代表から構成される340名の国民議会の投票によって選出される。

カリブ共同体、南アメリカ連合に加盟している。

軍事

詳細は「スリナムの軍事」を参照

2009年時点で総員2,200人の規模を有する。

1975年の独立でオランダ軍部隊から独立し、1980年にはクーデターを引き起こす。民政移管後は政軍関係の再構築をアメリカ合衆国の援助下で行っている。

地方行政区分

詳細は「スリナムの行政区画」を参照

スリナムの行政区画。

スリナムは10の地方（District）に分かれ、地方はさらに62のresortに分かれる。

1. ブロコポンド （Brokopondo）
2. コメウィネ （Commewijne）
3. コロニー （Coronie）
4. マロウィネ （Marowijne）
5. ニッケリエ （Nickerie）
6. パラ （Para）
7. パラマリボ （Paramaribo）
8. サラマッカ （Saramacca）
9. シパリウィニ （Sipaliwini）
10. ワニカ （Wanica）

地理

詳細は「スリナムの地理」を参照

スリナムの地図。

内陸の川。

スリナムは南アメリカ最小の独立国である。国土の大部分はギアナ高地に位置し、二つの主要部に区分される。北部の沿岸低地地方（おおよそアルビナ-パラナム-ワゲニンゲンのライン）は文化的であり、人口の大部分はこの地域に居住している。南部は熱帯雨林からなり、ブラジル国境周辺のサバナにはまばらに人が居住している。南部は国土の約80%を占める。

スリナムには二つの主要な山脈、即ちバクウイス山脈とヴァン・アスチ・ヴァン・エイック山脈が走る。国内の山では海抜1,286mのジュリアナトップ山が最も高い。その他の山としてはタフェルベルグ山（1,026m）、カシカシマ山（718m）、ゴリアスベルグ山（358m）、ヴォルツベルグ山（240m）など。

国土が赤道直下に近いスリナムは熱帯気候であり、気温は年間を通して変化しない。4月から8月までと、11月から2月まで、一年に二回の雨季がある。また、乾季も8月から11月までと、2月から4月までの二回ある。

国の北東部にはブロコポンド・ダムの作る人造湖プロメシュタイン湖があり、これは世界で最も大きなダム湖の内の一つ。1964年にアフォバッカダムとしてボーキサイト産業（使用量の75%を占める）と国内消費に水力発電を供給するために建設された。

コペナメ川の上流の中部スリナム自然保護区は、手付かずの熱帯雨林と多様な生態系のためにユネスコの世界遺産となっている。スリナムには多くの国立公園がある。沿岸部にはGalibi National Reserve、Coppename Manding国立公園、Wia Wia NR が、中央部には Brownsberg NR, Raleighvallen/Voltzeberg NR, Tafelberg NR 、Eilerts de Haan NPが、ブラジル国境地帯にはSipaliwani NR がある。 国立公園と湖を合計すると国土の12%を占める。

経済

詳細は「スリナムの経済」を参照

豊かなボーキサイトや木材資源に恵まれている。スリナムの経済はボーキサイトに大きく依存しており、GDPの15%、輸出額の70%を占めている。農業は砂糖、米、バナナ、柑橘類などで、漁業ではエビが欧州や日本に輸出されている。近年は石油資源 や金も期待されている。

国民の1/4が農業セクターに従事している。スリナムの経済は他国に強く依存しており、主な貿易相手国はオランダ、アメリカ合衆国、カリブ海諸国である。

鉱業

スリナム経済は強く鉱業に依存している。総輸出額に占める鉱物資源の割合は2000年時点で8割に達した。輸出の上位4品目はボーキサイトを精製したアルミナ （62.1%）、金 （11.4%）、魚介類、原油 （4.3%）である。

2007年時点の採掘量は、ボーキサイト（500万トン）、アルミナ（220万トン）、金 （11トン）、原油（日量15千バレル）。

交通

道路網は沿岸部とその隣接地に向かって東西に伸びている。南北を結ぶおもな手段は川である。内陸部へは水路または空路により結ばれている。空路はヨハン・ペンヘル国際空港（ザンデリー国際空港）から利用され、ガイアナ・仏領ギアナ両国との間はフェリーによって結ばれている。

自動車の通行区分は日本と同じ左側通行である。南アメリカでは他に隣国ガイアナが左側通行を採用している。

国民

詳細は「スリナムの国民」を参照

民族は、インド系（印僑）が27%、スリナム・クレオール（白人と黒人の混血）17%、マルーン系15%、インドネシア系（ジャワ人が多い）15%、混血12%、先住民（インディオ）、華人、白人、その他と続く。マルーン系は内陸に逃れたアフリカ系奴隷の子孫で、奴隷制廃止まで北部都市に生活した同じアフリカ系のクレオール政権に対して、1986年から1992年まで反乱を起こし戦った。

国民の約90%がパラマリボか沿岸部に居住している。スリナムの人口はオランダにとっても重要である。2005年には328,300人がオランダに居住しており、これはオランダの人口の約2%を占める（スリナムの人口は438,144人である）。

言語は、公用語はオランダ語だが、クレオールが使うタキタキ語とも呼ばれるスリナム語（Sranang Tongo）が共通語として使われる。また、英語やジャワ語やヒンディ語など、それぞれの民族はしばしば自分達が元々使っていた言語を使っており、ポルトガル語やスペイン語を話すコミュニティも存在する。

宗教は、ローマ・カトリックとプロテスタントのキリスト教が40%、ヒンドゥー教20%、イスラム教が14%、不明16%、その他10%となっている。

文化

詳細は「スリナムの文化」を参照

パラマリボ水際の家（1955年）。

オランダ東インド会社の政策により多種多様な民族がスリナムに流入し、現在のスリナム文化はそのような多様で複雑な文化的影響を下敷きにして育まれている。パラマリボ市内にはヒンドゥー寺院・キリスト教会・イスラムモスクが混在しており、聖ピーター・ポール教会は南米一の木造建築で、EU支援により2010年に修復された。

世界遺産

スリナム国内には、ユネスコの世界遺産リストに登録された文化遺産が1件、自然遺産が1件存在する。詳細は、スリナムの世界遺産を参照。

• パラマリボ市街歴史地区 - （2002年、文化遺産）

スポーツ

詳細は「スリナムのスポーツ」を参照

スリナム国内で最も人気のあるスポーツはサッカーである。ほとんどの選手が、オランダ代表を選択する場合が多く、サッカー選手の人材の宝庫でもある。そのため、スリナム代表としてはFIFAワールドカップおよびCONCACAFゴールドカップの出場歴はない。

脚注

参考文献

• 増田義郎編 『ラテンアメリカ史II』 山川出版社〈新版世界各国史26〉、東京、2000年7月。ISBN 4-634-41560-7。

関連項目

• スリナム関係記事の一覧
• スリナム海軍艦艇一覧

外部リンク

• 政府
  • スリナム共和国大統領府 （オランダ語）
• 日本政府
  • 日本外務省 - スリナム （日本語）
  • 在トリニダード・トバゴ日本国大使館 - 在スリナム大使館を兼轄 （日本語）

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Suriname (disambiguation).

Republic of Suriname Republiek Suriname  (Dutch)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Justitia – Pietas – Fides" (Latin) "Justice – Duty – Loyalty"
Anthem: God zij met ons Suriname  (Dutch) God be with our Suriname
Capital and largest city		Paramaribo 5°50′N 55°10′W
Official languages		Dutch
Ethnic groups (2004)		37% Hindustani 31% Mixed 15% Javanese 10% Maroon 3.7% Amerindian 0.4% others
Demonym		Surinamese
Government		Constitutional democracy
-	President	Dési Bouterse
-	Vice-President	Robert Ameerali
Legislature		National Assembly
Independence
-	from the Netherlands	25 November 1975
Area
-	Total	163,821 km2 (91st) 63,251 sq mi
-	Water (%)	1.1
Population
-	2012 estimate	560,157 (167th)
-	2004 census	492,829
-	Density	2.9/km2 (231st) 7.6/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2011 estimate
-	Total	$5.060 billion
-	Per capita	$9,475
GDP (nominal)		2011 estimate
-	Total	$3.790 billion
-	Per capita	$7,096
HDI (2012)		0.680 (medium / 104th)
Currency		Surinamese dollar (SRD)
Time zone		ART (UTC-3)
-	Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC-3)
Drives on the		left
Calling code		+597
ISO 3166 code		SR
Internet TLD		.sr

Suriname (or Surinam), officially known as the Republic of Suriname (Dutch: Republiek Suriname, Dutch pronunciation: [ˌrepyˈblik ˌsyriˈnaːmə]), is a country in northern South America. It is bordered by French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the north. Suriname was first colonized by the British, and captured by the Dutch in 1667, who governed it as Dutch Guiana until 1954. The country of Suriname achieved independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 25 November 1975. Suriname, the Netherlands Antilles (until its dissolution in 2010) and the Netherlands itself have cooperated on a basis of equality since 1954.

At just under 165,000 km² (64,000 sq mi), Suriname is the smallest sovereign state in South America. (French Guiana, while less extensive and populous, is an overseas department of France.) Suriname has a population of approximately 560,000, most of whom live on the country's north coast, where the capital Paramaribo is located.

Etymology

The name Suriname may derive from a Taino (Arawak-speaking) group called "Surinen" who first inhabited the region before European arrival.

Originally, the country was spelled Surinam by English settlers who founded the first colony at Marshall's Creek, along the Suriname River, and was part of a group of colonies known as Dutch Guiana. Surinam can still be found in English. A notable example of this is Suriname's own national airline, Surinam Airways. The older English name is reflected in the English pronunciation, /ˈsʊrɨnæm/ or /ˈsʊrɨnɑːm/. In Dutch, the official language of Suriname, the pronunciation is [ˌsyriˈnaːmə], with the main stress on the third syllable and a lengthened 'ee' sound.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Suriname

Suriname is the smallest independent country in South America. Situated on the Guiana Shield, it mostly lies between latitudes 1° and 6°N, and longitudes 54° and 58°W. The country can be divided into two main geographic regions. The northern, lowland coastal area (roughly above the line Albina-Paranam-Wageningen) has been cultivated, and most of the population lives here. The southern part consists of tropical rainforest and sparsely inhabited savanna along the border with Brazil, covering about 80% of Suriname's land surface.

There are two main mountain ranges: the Bakhuys Mountains and the Van Asch Van Wijck Mountains. Julianatop is the highest mountain in the country at 1,286 metres (4,219 ft) above sea level. Other mountains include Tafelberg at 1,026 metres (3,366 ft), Mount Kasikasima at 718 metres (2,356 ft), Goliathberg at 358 metres (1,175 ft) and Voltzberg at 240 metres (790 ft).

Borders

Main article: Borders of Suriname

Suriname is situated between French Guiana to the east and Guyana to the west. The southern border is shared with Brazil and the northern border is the Atlantic coast. The southernmost borders with French Guiana and Guyana are disputed by these countries along the Marowijne and Corantijn rivers, respectively, while a part of the disputed maritime boundary with Guyana was arbitrated by a tribunal convened under the rules set out in Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on 20 September 2007.

Districts and resorts

Main articles: Districts of Suriname and Resorts of Suriname

Suriname is divided into ten districts: Brokopondo Commewijne Coronie Marowijne Nickerie Para Paramaribo Saramacca Sipaliwini Wanica

Suriname is further subdivided into 62 resorts (ressorten).

Climate

Lying 2 to 5 degrees north of the equator, Suriname has a very hot tropical climate, and temperatures do not vary much throughout the year. Average relative humidity is between 80% and 90%. Its average temperature ranges from 84 to 97 degrees Fahrenheit (29 to 34 degrees Celsius). Due to the high humidity, actual temperatures are distorted and may therefore feel up to 11 degrees Fahrenheit (6 degrees Celsius) hotter than the recorded temperature. The year has two wet seasons, from April to August and from November to February. It also has two dry seasons, from August to November and February to April.

Nature reserves

In the upper Coppename River watershed, the Central Suriname Nature Reserve is a UNESCO World Heritage Site cited for its unspoiled forests biodiversity. There are many national parks in the country: Galibi National Reserve, Coppename Manding National Park and Wia Wia NR along the coast, Brownsberg NR, Raleighvallen/Voltzeberg NR, Tafelberg NR and Eilerts de Haan NP in the centre and the Sipaliwani NR on the Brazilian border. In all, 12.6% of the country's land area are national parks and lakes, according to the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.

History

Main article: History of Suriname

Colonial period

Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955

Beginning in the 16th century, French, Spanish, and English explorers visited the area. A century later, plantation colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile Guiana plains. The earliest documented colony in Guiana was along the Suriname River and called Marshall's Creek. The area was named after an Englishman. Disputes arose between the Dutch and the English. In 1667, the Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of Suriname conquered from the English, resulting from the Treaty of Breda. The English were left with New Amsterdam, a small trading post in North America, which later became New York City.

In 1683, the Society of Suriname was founded by the city of Amsterdam, the Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck family, and the Dutch West India Company. The society was chartered to manage and defend the colony. The planters of the colony relied heavily on African slaves to cultivate the coffee, cocoa, sugar cane and cotton plantations along the rivers. Treatment of the slaves by their owners was notoriously bad, and many slaves escaped the plantations. With the help of the native South Americans living in the adjoining rain forests, these runaway slaves established a new and unique culture that was highly successful in its own right. Known collectively in English as the Maroons, in French as the Nèg'Marrons and in Dutch as "Bosnegers" (literally meaning "forest negroes"), they actually established several independent tribes, among them the Saramaka, the Paramaka, the Ndyuka or Aukan, the Kwinti, the Aluku or Boni, and the Matawai.

The Maroons would often raid the plantations to recruit new members, acquire women, weapons, food and supplies. These attacks were often deadly for the planters and their families, and after several unsuccessful campaigns against the Maroons, the European authorities signed several peace treaties with them in the 19th century, granting the Maroons sovereign status and trade rights.

Abolition of slavery

Javanese immigrants brought as contract workers from the Dutch East Indies. Picture taken between 1880–1900.

Slavery was abolished by the Netherlands in Suriname in 1863, but the slaves in Suriname were not fully released until 1873, after a mandatory 10 year transition period during which time they were required to work on the plantations for minimal pay and without state sanctioned discipline. As soon as they became truly free, the slaves largely abandoned the plantations where they had worked for several generations, in favour of the city, Paramaribo.

As a plantation colony, Suriname was still heavily dependent on manual labour, and to make up for the shortfall, the Dutch brought in contract labourers from the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia) and India (through an arrangement with the British). In addition, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, small numbers of mostly men were brought in from China and the Middle East. Although Suriname's population remains relatively small, because of this history it is one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse countries in the world.

Dutch colonists, 1920. Most Europeans left after independence in 1975.

On 23 November 1941, under an agreement with the Netherlands government-in-exile, the United States occupied Suriname to protect bauxite mines. In 1954, the Dutch placed Suriname under a system of limited self-government, with the Netherlands retaining control of defense and foreign affairs. In 1973, the local government, led by the NPK (a largely Creole, meaning ethnically African or mixed African-European, party) started negotiations with the Dutch government leading towards full independence, which was granted on 25 November 1975. The severance package was very substantial, and a large part of Suriname's economy for the first decade following independence was fueled by foreign aid provided by the Dutch government.

Independence

The first President of the country was Johan Ferrier, the former governor, with Henck Arron (the then leader of the Nationale Partij Suriname (Suriname's National Party) as Prime Minister. Nearly one-third of the population of Suriname at that time emigrated to the Netherlands in the years leading up to independence, as many people feared that the new country would fare worse under independence than it did as an overseas colony of the Netherlands, what in fact had happened. Suriname's diaspora therefore includes more than a quarter of a million people of Suriname origin living in the Netherlands today, including several recent members of the Dutch national football team.

December killings

On 25 February 1980, a military coup overthrew the democratic government and declared a socialist republic. On 8 December 1982, the military, then under the leadership of Dési Bouterse, rounded up 15 prominent citizens, who criticized the then military dictatorship in Suriname, between 2am and 5am from their beds, and brought them to Fort Zeelandia. They were executed during the night, and the Netherlands quickly suspended all foreign aid to Suriname after this event. Bouterse is currently being tried for the murders, but the Suriname parliament has passed a law that grants Bouterse amnesty for their alleged violations. The Dutch government has stated that stopping the trial would be "totally unacceptable". Bouterse also has been convicted in absentia in the Netherlands for drug smuggling. Elections were held in 1987 and a new constitution was adopted, which among other things allowed Bouterse to remain in charge of the army. Dissatisfied with the government, Bouterse summarily dismissed them in 1990, by telephone. This event became popularly known as "the telephone coup". Bouterse's power began to wane after the 1991 elections however, and an ongoing brutal civil war between the Suriname army and the Maroons that had begun in 1986, loyal to the rebel leader Ronnie Brunswijk, further weakened his position during the 1990s.

Seeing the deterioration of the situation, Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles and The Netherlands considered inviting the country to rejoin the Netherlands as an "associated state" in 1991.

2009 Albina Riots

Violent riots broke out in Albina in 2009 between the local Maroon population and Brazilian gold diggers. In July 2010, Desi Bouterse was elected president despite charges against him for the 1982 killings, and despite having been convicted for drug smuggling in the Netherlands, and sentenced to 11 years.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Suriname

Suriname's democracy gained some strength after the turbulent 1990s, and its economy became more diversified and less dependent on Dutch financial assistance. Bauxite (aluminium ore) mining continues to be a strong revenue source, but the discovery and exploitation of oil and gold has added substantially to Suriname's economic independence. Agriculture, especially of rice and bananas, remains a strong component of the economy, and ecotourism is providing new economic opportunities. More than 80% of Suriname's land-mass consists of unspoiled rain forest, and with the establishment of the Central Suriname Nature Reserve in 1998, Suriname signalled its commitment to conservation of this precious resource. The Central Suriname Nature Reserve became a World Heritage Site in 2000.

Ministry of Finance.

The economy of Suriname is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for more than 15% of GDP and 70% of export earnings. Other main export products include rice, bananas and shrimp. Suriname has recently started exploiting some of its sizeable oil and gold reserves. About a quarter of the people work in the agricultural sector. The Surinamese economy is very dependent on commerce, its main trade partners being the Netherlands, the United States, Canada, and Caribbean countries, mainly Trinidad and Tobago and the former islands of the Netherlands Antilles.

After assuming power in the fall of 1996, the Wijdenbosch government ended the structural adjustment program of the previous government, claiming it was unfair to the poorer elements of society. Tax revenues fell as old taxes lapsed and the government failed to implement new tax alternatives. By the end of 1997, the allocation of new Dutch development funds was frozen as Surinamese Government relations with the Netherlands deteriorated. Economic growth slowed in 1998, with decline in the mining, construction, and utility sectors. Rampant government expenditures, poor tax collection, a bloated civil service, and reduced foreign aid in 1999 contributed to the fiscal deficit, estimated at 11% of GDP. The government sought to cover this deficit through monetary expansion, which led to a dramatic increase in inflation.

• GDP (2010 est.): U.S. $4.794 billion.
• Annual growth rate real GDP (2010 est.): 3.5%.
• Per capita GDP (2010 est.): U.S. $9,900.
• Inflation (2007): 6.4%.
• Natural resources: Bauxite, gold, oil, iron ore, other minerals; forests; hydroelectric potential; fish and shrimp.
• Agriculture: Products—rice, bananas, timber, palm kernels, coconuts, peanuts, citrus fruits, and forest products.
• Industry: Types—alumina, oil, gold, fish, shrimp, lumber.
• Trade (2005):
  • Exports: $1.391 billion: alumina, gold, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas. Major consumers- Canada 35.47%, Belgium 14.92%, US 10.15%, UAE 9.87%, Norway 4.92%, Netherlands 4.7%, France 4.47% (2009)
  • Imports: $1.297 billion: capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods. Major suppliers- US 30.79%, Netherlands 19.17%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.04%, China 6.8%, Japan 5.85% (2009).

Demographics

The population of Suriname through time (in units of 1000).

Main articles: Demographics of Suriname and Surinamese people

According to the 2004 census, Suriname had a population of 492,829 inhabitants. It is made up of several distinct ethnic groups.

• Amerindians, the original inhabitants of Suriname, form 3.7% of the population. The main groups being the Akuriyo, Arawak, Carib/Kaliña, Trío (Tiriyó), and Wayana. They live mainly in the districts of Paramaribo, Wanica, Maroni and Sipaliwini.
• Hindustani form the largest major group at 37% of the population. They are descendants of 19th-century contract workers from India. They are from the Indian states of Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh, in Northern India, along the Nepali border.
• The Surinamese Creoles form the middle group 31% of the population. They are the mixed descendants of West African slaves and Europeans (mostly Dutch).
• The Javanese (descendants of contract workers from the former Dutch East Indies on the island of Java, Indonesia), form 15% of the population. mainly in Nickerie, Saramacca, Wanica, Paramaribo and Commewijne
• Surinamese Maroons (descendants of escaped West African slaves) make up 10% and are divided into five main groups: Ndyuka (Aucans), Kwinti, Matawai, Saramaccans and Paramaccans.
• Chinese, about 14,000 are descendants of the earliest 19th-century contract workers. The 1990s and early 21st century saw renewed immigration on a large scale. In the year 2011 there were over 40,000 Chinese in Suriname, including legal and illegal migrants.
• Europeans, descendants of Dutch 19th-century immigrant farmers, Portuguese from Madeira and other white people. The descendants of Dutch immigrant farmers are known as "Boeroes" (derived from boer, the Dutch word for "farmer"). Most Boeroes left after independence in 1975.
• Jews, mainly descendants of Sephardic Jews and Ashkenazi Jews. In their history, Jodensavanne plays a major role. Many Jews are mixed with other populations.
• Lebanese, (primarily Maronites) from the town of Bsharri, Lebanon.
• Brazilians, many of them gold miners. Most of the nearly 40,000 Brazilians living in Suriname arrived during the past several years.

The vast majority of people (about 90%) live in Paramaribo or on the coast. There is also a significant Surinamese population in the Netherlands. In 2005 there were 328,300 Surinamese people living in the Netherlands, which is about 2% of the total population of the Netherlands, compared to 438,000 Surinamese in Suriname itself.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Suriname

The predominant religion in the country is Christianity, both in the form of Roman Catholicism and various denominations of Protestantism, the Moravian Church being the oldest and largest. It is particularly dominant among Creoles and Maroons. The Creoles and to a lesser degree the Maroons, both descendants of enslaved Africans, converted to Christianity during the colonial period but may still retain their Afro-American religion called Winti. Indians practise Hindu, Islam or Christianity. The Javanese practice either Islam or Christianity. Suriname's population is 19.6% Muslim.

Languages

Indian immigrants from British India.

Butcher market in Paramaribo with signs written in Dutch.

Dutch is the sole official language, and is the language of education, government, business and the media. Over 60% of the population speak it as a mother tongue, and most of the rest speak it as a second language. In 2004, Suriname became an associate member of the Dutch Language Union. It is the only Dutch-speaking country in South America, and one of the two non Romance-speaking countries on the continent, the other being English-speaking Guyana.

In Paramaribo, Dutch is the main home language in two-thirds of households. The recognition of "Surinaams-Nederlands" ("Surinamese Dutch") as a national dialect equal to "Nederlands-Nederlands" ("Dutch Dutch") and "Vlaams-Nederlands" ("Flemish Dutch") was expressed in 2009 by the publication of the Woordenboek Surinaams Nederlands (Surinamese Dutch Dictionary). Only in the interior of Suriname is Dutch seldom used.

Sranan Tongo, a local creole language originally spoken by the creole population group, is the most widely used language in the streets and often interchangeably with Dutch depending on the formality of the setting.

Surinamese Hindi or Sarnami, a dialect of Bhojpuri, is the third-most used language, spoken by the descendants of South Asian contract workers from then British India. Javanese is used by the descendants of Javanese contract workers. The Maroon languages, somewhat intelligible with Sranan Tongo, include Saramaka, Paramakan, Ndyuka (also called Aukan), Kwinti and Matawai. Amerindian languages, spoken by Amerindians, include Carib and Arawak. Hakka and Cantonese are spoken by the descendants of the Chinese contract (koelie, coolie) workers. Mandarin is spoken by some few recent Chinese immigrants. English, Spanish and Portuguese are also used. Spanish and Portuguese are spoken by Latin American residents and their descendants and sometimes also taught in schools.

The public discourse about Suriname's languages is a part of an ongoing debate about the country's national identity. While Dutch is perceived as a remnant of colonialism by some, the use of the popular Sranan became associated with nationalist politics after its public use by former dictator Dési Bouterse in the 1980s, and groups descended from escaped slaves might resent it. Some propose to change the national language to English, so as to improve links to the Caribbean and North America, or to Spanish, as a nod to Suriname's location in South America, although it has no Spanish-speaking neighbours.

Health

Fertility rate was at 2.6 births per woman. Public expenditure was at 3.6% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 4.2%. There were 45 physicians per 100,000 in the early 2000s. Infant mortality was at 30 per 1,000 live births. Male life expectancy at birth was at 66.4 years, whereas female life expectancy at birth was at 73 years.

Transport

See also: Transport in Suriname and East-West Link (Suriname)

Suriname and neighboring Guyana are the only two countries on the (in-land) American continent that drive on the left. In Guyana, this practice is inherited from United Kingdom colonial authorities. The reason that Suriname drives on the left is explained by several sources. It is thought that this is because the first cars imported were from England, but this is yet undocumented. In addition, this view does not make statements on traffic before the automobile era. Another explanation is that the Netherlands, at the time of colonization of Suriname, used the left-hand side of the road for traffic, or that Suriname was first colonized by the English. Although the Netherlands converted to driving to the right at the end of the 18th century), Suriname did not. Writers Peter Kincaid and Ian Watson suggest that in territories such as Suriname, with no connecting roads to neighbour countries, there is no external pressure to either change or to maintain the status quo on driving sides.

Largest cities

Politics

Presidential Palace.

National Assembly.

Court of Justice.

Main article: Politics of Suriname

The Republic of Suriname is a constitutional, democratically representational republic based on the 1987 constitution. The legislative branch of government consists of a 51-member unicameral National Assembly, simultaneously and popularly elected for a five-year term.

During the recently held elections on Tuesday 25 May 2010 the "Megacombinatie" won 23 of the National Assembly seats followed by "Nationale Front" with 20 seats. A much smaller but important for the collaboration went to the 'A-combinatie" and to the "Volksalliantie". Currently negotiations are going on in and between parties regarding the formation of the coalition for the coming five years.

The President of Suriname, who is elected for a five-year term by a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly or, failing that, by a majority of the People's Assembly, heads the executive branch. If at least two-thirds of the National Assembly cannot agree to vote for one presidential candidate, a People's Assembly is formed from all National Assembly delegates and regional and municipal representatives who were elected by popular vote in the most recent national election. As head of government, the president appoints a 16-minister cabinet. A vice president, normally elected at the same time as the president, needs a simple majority in the National Assembly or People's Assembly to be elected for a 5-year term. There is no constitutional provision for removal or replacement of the president unless he resigns.

The judiciary is headed by the Court of Justice (Supreme Court). This court supervises the magistrate courts. Members are appointed for life by the president in consultation with the National Assembly, the State Advisory Council and the National Order of Private Attorneys. In April 2005, the regional Caribbean Court of Justice, based in Trinidad, was inaugurated. As the final court of appeal, it was intended to replace the London-based Privy Council.

The country is divided into 10 administrative districts, each headed by a district commissioner appointed by the president. The commissioner is appointed and removed by the president.

Culture

Waterfront houses in Paramaribo, 1955.

Main article: Culture of Suriname

See also: Roman Catholicism in Suriname, Music of Suriname, and Hinduism in South America

Owing to the country's multicultural heritage, Suriname celebrates a variety of distinct ethnic and religious festivals.

National celebrations

1 January – New Year's Eve
3 February – Chinese New Year
March (varies) – Holi-Phagwa
March/April – Easter
1 May – Labour Day
5 June – Indian Arrival Day
1 July – Keti Koti, Emancipation Day (end of slavery)
8 August – Javanese Arrival Day
9 August – Indigenous People's Day
25 November – Independence Day
25 December – Christmas
26 December – Boxing Day

There are also several Hindu and Islamic national holidays like Diwali (deepavali), Phagwa and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-adha. These holidays do not have specific dates on the Gregorian calendar as they are based on the Hindu and Islamic calendars, respectively.

There are several holidays which are unique to Suriname. These include the Indian (Hindustani), Javanese and Chinese arrival days. They celebrate the arrival of the first ships with their respective immigrants.

New Year's Eve

Pagara (red firecracker ribbons).

New Year's Eve in Suriname is called Oud jaar, or "old year". It is during this period that the Surinamese population goes to the city's commercial district to watch "demonstrational fireworks". The bigger stores invest in these firecrackers and display them out in the streets. Every year the length of them is compared, and high praises are given for the company that has imported the largest ribbon.

These celebrations start at 10 in the morning and finish the next day. The day is usually filled with laughter, dance, music, and drinking. When the night starts, the big street parties are already at full capacity. The most popular fiesta is the one that is held at café 't Vat in the main tourist district. The parties there stop between 10 and 11 at night, after which people go home to light their pagaras (red-firecracker-ribbons) at midnight. After 12, the parties continue and the streets fill again until daybreak.

Sports

The Suriname Olympic Committee is the national governing body for sports in Suriname. The SOC was established in 1959 and now has 17 members. Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Boxing, Chess, Cycling, Judo, Karate, Shooting, Soccer, Swimming, Table Tennis, Taekwando, Tennis, Triathlon, Volleyball, and Wrestling.

Other somewhat popular sports in Suriname are baseball and softball, beach soccer and beach volley, boating, body building and power lifting, bridge, cricket, draughts, fishing, golf, horseback riding, snooker and billiards, squash, auto and motor sports.

One of the major sports in Suriname is football. Some of the greatest football players to represent the Netherlands, such as Fabian de Freitas, Frank Rijkaard, Ruud Gullit, Patrick Kluivert, Edgar Davids, Clarence Seedorf, Aron Winter, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Stanley Menzo, Ryan Babel, Nigel de Jong, Ken Monkou, Edson Braafheid, Boy Waterman, Regi Blinker, Fabian Wilnis and Eljero Elia are of Surinamese descent. Davids in particular has written of his passionate pride in his Surinamese heritage and his love of attending football matches there.

There are a number of local heroes in other sports as well, like Primraj Binda, best known as the athlete who dominated the local 10 km (6.2 mi) for nearly a decade, Steven Vismale also for the triathlon and another notable track athlete from Suriname was Tommy Asinga. The most famous international athlete from Suriname is Letitia Vriesde.

Letitia Vriesde won a silver medal at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics in 1995 behind Ana Quirot. This was in addition to the bronze medal she had already achieved earlier that year at the IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics. These medals were the first to be won by a South American female athlete in world championship competition. She also won a bronze medal at the 2001 world outdoor championships, but has never managed to reach an Olympic final. At the 1992 Summer Olympics she set a record of sorts by recording the fastest ever non-qualifying time in an 800 metre semi final. She has also won many medals at the Pan-American Games and Central American Games. Winning 5 CACSO gold medals in 1990 (Mexico City 1500 m), 1993 (Ponce 800 m & 1500 m), 1998 (Maracaibo 800 m) & 2002 (El Salvador 800 m). One Pan Am Games gold medal in 1999 Winnipeg, Canada. However, she was disqualified and stripped of another gold medal after the 2003 Pan-American Games after testing positive for excessive caffeine levels. She was not banned however and went on to compete at that year's World Championships.

Swimmer Anthony Nesty is the only Olympic medalist for Suriname. He won gold in the 100 meter butterfly at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and he won bronze in the same discipline at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Originally from Trinidad and Tobago, he now lives in Gainesville, Florida, and is the coach of the University of Florida, mainly a coaching distance swimmers.

Multiple K-1 champion and legend, Ernesto Hoost, was born in Suriname. Rayen Simson, another legendary multiple world champion kickboxer, was also born in Suriname.Remy Bonjasky also a multiple K-1 champion is also from Surinamese descent. MMA and Kickboxing champions Melvin Manhoef, Gilbert Yvel were born in Suriname or from Surinamese descent. Retired female kickboxer Ilonka Elmont was also born in Suriname. Another notable up and comer kickboxer and K-1 fighter, Tyrone Spong, was born in Suriname. Ginty Vrede, a former Muay Thai Heavy Weight Champion who died in 2008 aged 22, was born in Suriname.

Education

Anton de Kom University of Suriname.

Main article: Education in Suriname

Education in Suriname is compulsory until the age of 12, and the nation had a net primary enrollment rate of 94% in 2004. Literacy is very common, particularly among males. The main university in the country is the Anton de Kom University of Suriname.

From elementary school to high school there are 13 grades. The elementary school has six grades, middle school four grades and high school three grades. Students take a test in the end of elementary school to determine whether you go to the MULO (secondary modern school) or a middle school of lower standards like LBGO. Students from the elementary school wear a green shirt with jeans, while middle school students wear a blue shirt with jeans.

Students going from the second grade middle school to the third grade have to choose between the business (A) or science (B) courses. This will determine what their major subjects will be. The student should have an total of 13 points for math and physics. If the student has lower points he/she will go into the business courses. The student might also fail the grade.

Media

A popular newspaper is De Ware Tijd. The only fully English online newspaper is DevSur: Development of Suriname. Suriname has twenty four radio stations, two broadcast through the Internet (Apintie and Radio10). There are six television sources: STVS, RBN, ABC, ATV, Mustika, and Garuda). Also listened to is mArt, a broadcaster from Amsterdam founded by people from Suriname. Kondreman is one of the popular cartoons in Suriname.

In 2012, Suriname was ranked joint 22nd with Japan in the worldwide Press Freedom Index by the organization Reporters Without Borders. This was ahead of the US (47th), the UK (28th), and France (38th).

Tourism

The Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in Paramaribo.

Royal Torarica, was opened in the night district of Paramaribo on the Suriname River. The hotel industry is important to Suriname's economy. The rental of apartments, or the rent-a-house phenomenon, is also popular in Suriname.

Most tourists visit Suriname for the outstanding biodiversity of the pristine Amazonian rain forests in the south of the country, which are noted for their flora and fauna. The Central Suriname Nature Reserve is the biggest and one of the most popular reserves, along with the Brownsberg Nature Park which overlooks the Brokopondo Reservoir, the latter being one of the largest man-made lakes in the world. Tonka Island in the reservoir is home to a rustic eco-tourism project run by the Saramaccaner Maroons. Pangi wraps and bowls made of calabashes are the two main products manufactured by maroons for tourists. The maroons have learned that colorful and ornate pangis are the most popular with tourists.

There are also many waterfalls throughout the country. Raleighvallen, or Raleigh Falls, is a 56,000-hectare (140,000-acre) nature reserve on the Coppename River, rich in bird life. Also are the Blanche Marie Falls on the Nickerie River and the Wonotobo Falls. Tafelberg Mountain in the centre of the country is surrounded by its own reserve- the Tafelberg Nature Reserve- around the source of the Saramacca River, as is the Voltzberg Nature Reserve further north on the Coppename River at Raleighvallen. In the interior are many Maroon and Amerindian villages many of which have their own reserves, generally open to visitors.

Suriname is one of the few countries in the world where at least one of each biome that the state possesses has been declared a wildlife reserve. Around 30% of the total land area of Suriname is protected by law as reserves.

Other attractions include plantations such as Laarwijk, which is situated along the Suriname River. This plantation can only be reached by boat via Domburg, in the north central Wanica District of Suriname.

Landmarks

Jules Wijdenbosch Bridge.

Mosque next to a synagogue in Paramaribo.

The Jules Wijdenbosch Bridge is a bridge over the river Suriname between Paramaribo and Meerzorg in the Commewijne district. The bridge was built during the tenure of President Jules Albert Wijdenbosch (1996–2000) and was completed in 2000. The bridge is 52 metres (171 ft) high, and 1,504 metres (4,934 ft) long. It connects Paramaribo with Commewijne, a connection which previously could only be made by ferry. The purpose of the bridge was to facilitate and promote the development of the eastern part of Suriname. The bridge consists of two lanes and is not accessible to pedestrians.

The Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul is 114 years old. Before it became a cathedral it was a theatre. The theatre was built in 1809 and burned down in 1820. The construction of the Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral started on January, 13, 1883.

Suriname is one of the few countries in the world where a synagogue is located next to a mosque.

Arya Dewaker Temple.

The two buildings are located next to each other in the centre of Paramaribo and have been known to share a parking facility during their respective religious rites, should they happen to coincide with one another.

A relatively new landmark is the Hindu Arya Dewaker temple in the Johan Adolf Pengelstraat in Wanica, Paramaribo, which was completed in the first decade of the 21st century. The specialty of the temple is that it does not have images of the Hindu divinities, as they are forbidden in the Hindu movement, the Arya Samaj. The people who built the sanctuary belong to this movement. Instead the building is covered by many texts derived from the Vedas and other Hindu scriptures. The beautiful architecture makes it worthwhile to pay a visit to the temple.

Airlines

Departures

• Blue Wing Airlines
• Caribbean Commuter Airways (Caricom Airways)
• Gumair
• Surinam Airways

Arrivals

• Caribbean Airlines (Trinidad & Tobago)
• Insel Air (Curaçao)
• Dutch Antilles Express (Curacao)
• KLM (Netherlands)
• Surinam Airways (Aruba, Brazil (Belem),Curaçao, Georgetown, Miami, Netherlands,Trinidad & Tobago)

Notable natives

• Jules Ajodhia (b.1945), politician, poet, playwright. Served as Justice Minister (1988–1990) and twice as Vice President (1991–1996, 2000–2005).
• Bram Behr (1951–1982), communist, journalist, propagandist.
• Dési Bouterse (b.1945), 9th and current President.
• Fred Derby (1939–2001), politician and trade unionist.
• Johan Ferrier (1910–2010), first President of Suriname (1975–1980).
• Otto Huiswoud (1893–1961), charter member of the Communist Party of America.
• Harry Kisoensingh (1954–2008), educator and chairman of the Union For Progressive Suriname.
• Lou Lichtveld (1903–1996), politician, poet, playwright.
• Jan Ernst Matzeliger (1852–1889), inventor of shoe manufacturing machinery.
• Johan Adolf Pengel, (1916–1970), politician, Prime Minister (1963–1969), namesake of Suriname's primary international airport.
• Pretaapnarian Radhakishun (1954–2001), politician, Prime Minister (1986–1987).
• Ram Sardjoe (b.1935), politician, Vice President (2005–2010).
• Clarence Seedorf (b.1976), footballer.
• Paul Somohardjo (b.1943), politician, former Speaker of the National Assembly (2005–2010).
• Farida van den Stoom (b.1974), actress and model.
• Ronald Venetiaan (b.1936), mathematician, politician, 6th and 8th President.
• Jules Wijdenbosch (b.1941), politician, served as Prime Minister (1987–1988), Vice President (1991) and President (1996–2000).

See also

• Outline of Suriname
• Index of Suriname-related articles
• List of place names of Dutch origin

Further reading

• Box, Ben, Footprint Focus Guide: Guyana, Guyane & Suriname, (Footprint Travel Guides, 2011)
• Dew, Edward M., The Trouble in Suriname, 1975–93, (Greenwood Press, 1994)
• Gimlette, John, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge (Profile Books, 2011)
• McCarthy Sr., Terrence J., A Journey into Another World: Sojourn in Suriname, (Wheatmark Inc., 2010)
• Westoll, Adam, Surinam, (Old Street Publishing, 2009)

References

External links

• Suriname entry at The World Factbook
• Travel information for the independent traveller
• Suriname at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
• Suriname from the BBC News.
• Dictionaries of Suriname languages
• Suriname at the Open Directory Project
• Suriname, an external wiki
• Wikimedia Atlas of Suriname
• Geographic data related to Suriname at OpenStreetMap
• Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection
• History of the Suriname Jewish Community
• Suriname travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Key Development Forecasts for Suriname from International Futures.

Websites of the Government, President and National Assembly

• (Dutch) Website of the President of the Republic of Suriname
• (Dutch) Website of the Government of the Republic of Suriname
• (Dutch) Website of the National Assembly of the Republic of Suriname

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. ロボミコーシス lobomycosis
• 2. ラテンアメリカおよびカリブ海諸国への旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to latin america and the caribbean
• 3. マンソネラ感染症 mansonella infections
• 4. リンパ管フィラリア症の疫学、病因、および臨床症状 epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis
• 5. 国際養子縁組：感染症の側面 international adoption infectious disease aspects

English Journal

• Serpentine movements in a patient with Chilaiditi's sign.

• van Delft F, Hoornenborg E.SourceDrs. Lachmipersad Mungra District Hospital Nickerie, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Nieuw-Nickerie, Suriname (South America); VU University Medical Center, Dept. of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: f.vandelft@vumc.nl.
• Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.2013 Nov 20. pii: S1542-3565(13)01785-0. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.11.018. [Epub ahead of print]
• PMID 24269924

• Socioeconomic inequalities in acute myocardial infarction incidence in migrant groups: has the epidemic arrived? Analysis of nation-wide data.

• Agyemang C, van Oeffelen AA, Bots ML, Stronks K, Vaartjes I.SourceAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• Heart (British Cardiac Society).Heart.2013 Nov 15. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304721. [Epub ahead of print]
• OBJECTIVES: We assessed socioeconomic inequalities in relation to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence among major ethnic groups in The Netherlands.METHODS: A nationwide register-based cohort study was conducted (n=2 591 170) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2007 among ethnic Dutch and
• PMID 24241713

• The Role of Surinamese Migrants in the Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis between Paramaribo, Suriname and Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

• Bom RJ, van der Helm JJ, Bruisten SM, Grünberg AW, Sabajo LO, Schim van der Loeff MF, de Vries HJ.SourcePublic Health Laboratory, Cluster Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Nov 13;8(11):e77977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077977.
• The large Surinamese migrant population in the Netherlands is a major risk group for urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Suriname, a former Dutch colony, also has a high prevalence of C. trachomatis. Surinamese migrants travel extensively between the Netherlands and Suriname. Our objective w
• PMID 24236009

Japanese Journal

• Seroepidemiological Survey of Pathogenic Yersinia in Breeding Squirrel Monkeys in Japan

• Iwata Taketoshi,Une Yumi,Lee Ken-ichi [他],NAKAMURA Shin-ichi,TANIGUCHI Takahide,HAYASHIDANI Hideki
• Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 72(8), 981-984, 2010
• … The cutoff value was calculated by using the serum samples of the squirrel monkeys from Suriname, where no prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia have been reported. …
• NAID 130000264257

• Suriname 南米スリナムで食べる"チャオミン" (特集 交流が生む食のかたち)

• 岩田 晋典
• 交流文化 3, 18-21, 2006-01
• NAID 40007216352

• パラマリボ(スリナム)の都市形成と宅地割に関する考察

• 山根 周,布野 修司,青井 哲人 [他],佐藤 圭一
• 日本建築学会計画系論文集 (598), 57-62, 2005-12-30
• … Clarifying the block formation and division of housing lots in Paramaribo, this paper discusses the influence and modification of Dutch colonial city planning in Suriname. …
• NAID 110004836808

Related Links

• スリナム共和国 ｜ 外務省 - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of ...

Republic of Suriname 平成26年7月30日 英語版 (English) 基礎データ 一般事情 政治体制・内政 外交・国防 経済 経済協力 二国間関係 トピックス 安倍総理のトリニダード・トバゴ訪問（概要と評価）（平成26年7月30日） 安倍総理と ...

• Suriname travel guide - Wikitravel

Open source travel guide to Suriname, featuring up-to-date information on attractions, hotels, restaurants, nightlife, travel tips and more. Free and reliable advice written by Wikitravellers from around the globe.

Related Pictures