関: Streptococcus zooepidemicus

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spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis (同)streptococci, strep

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連鎖球菌

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/20 17:36:33」(JST)

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For other uses, see strangling.

Strangles (also equine distemper) is a contagious upper respiratory tract infection of horses and other equines caused by a bacterium, Streptococcus equi var equi. Strangles is enzootic in domesticated horses worldwide. The contagious nature of the infection has at times led to limitations on sporting events.^[1]

Biology[edit]

The disease is spread when the nasal discharge or material from the draining abscess contaminates pastures, barns, feed troughs, stables etc.

Equines of any age may contract the disease, although younger and elderly equines are more susceptible. Young equines may lack immunity to the disease because they have not had prior exposure. Elderly equines may have a weaker immune system.

Signs[edit]

Clinical signs include fever, heavy nasal discharge, and swollen or enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and throatlatch. Affected animals may also stop eating and have a dull aspect.

Strangles has a 1% mortality rate.^[2] Mortality is lower in cases without complications than it is in cases of bastard strangles. The disease is very contagious and morbidity is high. Precautions to limit the spread of the illness are necessary and those affected are normally isolated. An isolation period of 6 weeks is usually necessary to ensure that the disease is not still incubating before ending the isolation.

Treatment[edit]

As with many streptococcal infections, penicillin or penicillin-derivative antibiotics are the most effective treatments. However, some authorities are of the opinion that use of antibiotics is contra-indicted once abscesses have begun to form, as they pre-dispose to lymphatic spread of the infection (so-called bastard strangles) which has a much higher mortality rate.

After an abscess has burst, it is very important to keep the wound clean. A diluted povidone-iodine solution has been used with good results to disinfect the open hole, flushing the inside with a syringe tipped catheter or with a teat cannula, followed by gentle scrubbing to keep the surrounding area clean.

Symptomatic therapy is an alternative treatment, and is where warm packs are used to mature the abscesses so making it less painful and more comfortable for the horse itself; but once the abscesses have been matured they must be kept clean to prevent further infections.This treatment for S.equi only helps to reduce pain for the horse rather than curing the infection.

Complications[edit]

Possible complications include the horse becoming a chronic carrier of the disease, asphyxia due to enlarged lymph nodes compressing the larynx or windpipe, bastard strangles (spreading to other areas of the body), pneumonia, guttural pouches filled with pus, abscesses, purpura haemorrhagica, and heart disease. The average length for the course of this disease is 23 days.

Prevention[edit]

Both intramuscular and intranasal vaccines are available. Isolation of new horses for 4 to 6 weeks, immediate isolation of infected horses, and disinfection of stalls, water buckets, feed troughs, and other equipment will help prevent the spread of strangles. As with any contagious disease, handwashing is a simple and effective tool.

Two-year-old pony with week-old strangles. He's completely wild and therefore hard to treat.
Note the swelling goes all the way down to his mouth.

References[edit]

^ "Race club downplays 'strangles' impact". ABC.au News. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
^ "Equine Strangles".

External links[edit]

Strangles information sheet
American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement on Strangles
Strangles in Horses, fact sheet, MSU Extension service

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1. C群およびG群レンサ球菌感染症 group c and group g streptococcal infection
2. 妊娠していない成人におけるB群レンサ球菌感染症 group b streptococcal infections in nonpregnant adults
3. 小児および思春期における急性感染性咽頭炎の診断へのアプローチ approach to diagnosis of acute infectious pharyngitis in children and adolescents
4. A群レンサ球菌：病原性因子および発症機序 group a streptococcus virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms
5. 成人におけるA群レンサ球菌（Streptococcus pyogenes）
性菌血症 group a streptococcal streptococcus pyogenes bacteremia in adults

English Journal

Tracing outbreaks of Streptococcus equi infection (strangles) in horses using sequence variation in the seM gene and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Lindahl S, Söderlund R, Frosth S, Pringle J, Båverud V, Aspán A.SourceDepartment of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. susanne.lindahl@sva.se
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2011 Nov 21;153(1-2):144-9. Epub 2011 Mar 30.
Strangles is a serious respiratory disease in horses caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). Transmission of the disease occurs by direct contact with an infected horse or contaminated equipment. Genetically, S. equi strains are highly homogenous and differentiation of strains has pr
PMID 21511406

Delineation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, its subspecies, and its clinical and phylogenetic relationship to Streptococcus pyogenes.

Jensen A, Kilian M.SourceDepartment of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.
Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
The taxonomic status and structure of Streptococcus dysgalactiae has been the object of much confusion. Bacteria belonging to this species are usually referred to as Lancefield Group C or Group G streptococci in clinical settings in spite of the fact that these terms lack precision and prevent recog
PMID 22075580

Japanese Journal

Production of hyaluronic acid from Streptococcus zooepidemicus MTCC 3523 and its wound healing activity(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Patil Kanchankumar P.,Patil Deepak K.,Chaudhari Bhushan L.,Chincholkar Sudhir B.
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(3), 286-288, 2011-03
… Exopolysaccharide produced and purified from Streptococcus zooepidemicus MTCC 3523 was identified as hyaluronic acid (HA) based on IR and NMR spectroscopy while its Mw was found to be 5.38×10^5Da. …
NAID 110008593157