| Sertoli cell |
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Germinal epithelium of the testicle.
1: basal lamina
2: spermatogonia
3: spermatocyte 1st order
4: spermatocyte 2nd order
5: spermatid
6: mature spermatid
7: Sertoli cell
8: tight junction (blood testis barrier) |
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Histological section through testicular parenchyma of a boar.
1 Lumen of Tubulus seminiferus contortus
2 spermatids
3 spermatocytes
4 spermatogonia
5 Sertoli cell
6 Myofibroblasts
7 Leydig cells
8 capillaries |
| Gray's |
subject #258 1243 |
| MeSH |
Sertoli+Cells |
A Sertoli cell (a kind of sustentacular cell) is a 'nurse' cell of the testes that is part of a seminiferous tubule.
It is activated by follicle-stimulating hormone and has FSH-receptor on its membranes.It is specifically located in the convoluted seminiferous tubules (since this is the only place in the testes where the spermatozoa is produced).
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Contents
- 1 Functions
- 1.1 Secretory
- 1.2 Structural
- 1.3 Other functions
- 2 Production of Sertoli cells
- 3 Nomenclature
- 4 Histology
- 5 Pathology
- 6 Additional images
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
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Functions
Because its main function is to nourish the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis, the Sertoli cell has also been called the "mother" or "nurse" cell. Sertoli cells also act as phagocytes, consuming the residual cytoplasm during spermatogenesis. Translocation of germ cells from the base to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules occurs by conformational changes in the lateral margins of the Sertoli cells.
Secretory
Sertoli cells secrete the following substances:
- anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) - secreted during the early stages of fetal life.
- inhibin and activins - secreted after puberty, and work together to regulate FSH secretion
- androgen binding protein (also called testosterone binding globulin) - increases testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules to stimulate spermatogenesis
- estradiol - aromatase from Sertoli cells convert testosterone to 17 beta estradiol to direct spermatogenesis
- glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) - has been demonstrated to function in promoting undifferentiating spermatogonia, which ensures stem cell self-renewal during the perinatal period.
- the Ets related molecule (ERM transcription factor) - needed for maintenance of the spermatogonial stem cell in the adult testis.
- transferrin - a blood plasma protein for iron ion delivery [1]
Structural
The tight junctions of Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier, a structure that partitions the interstitial blood compartment of the testis from the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules. Because of the apical progression of the spermatogonia, the tight junctions must be dynamically reformed and broken to allow the immunoidentical spermatogonia to cross through the blood-testis barrier so they can become immunologically unique. Sertoli cells control the entry and exit of nutrients, hormones and other chemicals into the tubules of the testis as well as make the adluminal compartment an immune-privileged site.
The cell is also responsible for establishing and maintaining the spermatogonial stem cell niche, which ensures the renewal of stem cells and the differentiation of spermatogonia into mature germ cells that progress stepwise through the long process of spermatogenesis, ending in the release of spermatozoa. Sertoli cells bind to spermatogonial cells via N-cadherins and galctosyltransferase (via carbohydrate residues).
Other functions
During the maturation phase of spermiogenesis, the Sertoli cells consume the unneeded portions of the spermatozoa.
Production of Sertoli cells
Once fully differentiated, the Sertoli cell is unable to proliferate. Therefore, once spermatogenesis has begun, no more Sertoli cells are created.
Recently however, some scientists have found a way to grow these cells outside of the body. This gives rise to the possibility of repairing some defects that cause male infertility.
It has been suggested that they may derive from mesonephros.[2]
Nomenclature
Sertoli cells are called so because of their eponym Enrico Sertoli, an Italian physiologist who discovered them while studying medicine in the University of Pavia, Italy.[3]
He published a description of this cell in 1865. The cell was discovered by Sertoli with a Belthle microscope purchased in 1862, which he used while studying medicine.
In the 1865 publication, his first description used the terms "tree-like cell" or "stringy cell" and most importantly he referred to these "mother cells." It was other scientists who used Enrico's family name, Sertoli, to label these cell in publications, starting in 1888. As of 2006, two textbooks that are devoted specifically to the Sertoli cell have been published.
Histology
On slides, using standard staining, it can be easy to confuse the Sertoli cells with the other cells of the germinal epithelium. The most distinctive feature of the Sertoli cells is the dark nucleolus.[4]
Pathology
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour are part of the sex cord-stromal tumour group of ovarian neoplasms.
Additional images
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Transverse section of a tubule of the testis of a rat. X 250.
See also
- Sertoli cell only syndrome
- Sertoli cell nodule
References
- ^ Xiong X, Wang A, Liu G, Liu H, Wang C, Xia T, Chen X, Yang K (2006). "Effects of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene on the expressions of transferrin and androgen-binding protein in rat Sertoli cells". Environ Res 101 (3): 334–9. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2005.11.003. PMID 16380112.
- ^ Peter D. Vize; Adrian S. Woolf; Jonathan Bard (2003). The kidney: from normal development to congenital disease. Academic Press. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-0-12-722441-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=ctOm-cPwo60C&pg=PA82. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ synd/518 at Who Named It?
- ^ OSU Center for Veterinary Health Sciences - OSU-CVHS Home
External links
- BU Histology Learning System: 17805loa
- BU Histology Learning System: 17806loa
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Male reproductive system (TA A09.3–4, TH H3.07.02, GA 11.1236)
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| Internal |
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Seminal
tract
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Testes
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- layers
- Tunica vaginalis
- Tunica albuginea
- Tunica vasculosa testis
- Appendix
- Mediastinum
- Lobules
- Septa
- Leydig cell
- Sertoli cell
- Blood-testis barrier
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Spermatogenesis
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- Spermatogonium
- Spermatocytogenesis
- Spermatocyte
- Spermatidogenesis
- Spermatid
- Spermiogenesis
- Spermatozoon
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Other
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- Seminiferous tubules
- Tubuli seminiferi recti
- Rete testis
- Efferent ducts
- Epididymis
- Paradidymis
- Spermatic cord
- Vas deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
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Accessory
glands
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- Seminal vesicles
- Excretory duct of seminal gland
- Prostate
- Urethral crest/Seminal colliculus/Prostatic utricle/Ejaculatory duct
- Prostatic sinus/Prostatic ducts
- Bulbourethral glands
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| External |
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Penis
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- root
- Crus
- Bulb
- Fundiform ligament
- Suspensory ligament
- body
- Corpus cavernosum
- Corpus spongiosum
- glans
- fascia
- superficial/subcutaneous
- deep/Buck's
- Tunica albuginea
- Septum of the penis
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Urinary
tract
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- Internal urethral orifice
- Urethra
- Prostatic
- Intermediate
- Spongy
- Navicular fossa
- External urethral orifice
- Lacunae of Morgagni
- Urethral gland
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Scrotum
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- layers
- skin
- Dartos
- External spermatic fascia
- Cremaster/Cremasteric fascia
- Internal spermatic fascia
- Perineal raphe
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noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
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Human cell types / list derived primarily from mesoderm
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| Paraxial |
Cartilage/bone/
muscle
(MSC) |
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OCP
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bone: Osteoblast → Osteocyte
cartilage: Chondroblast → Chondrocyte
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Myofibroblast
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Fibroblast → Fibrocyte
muscle: Myoblast → Myocyte · Myosatellite cell · Tendon cell · Cardiac muscle cell
adipose: Lipoblast → Adipocyte
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Digestive system
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Interstitial cell of Cajal
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| Intermediate |
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Urinary system (RSC)
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Angioblast → Endothelial cell · Mesangial cell (Intraglomerular, Extraglomerular) · Juxtaglomerular cell · Macula densa cell
Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes
Simple epithelial cell → Podocyte · Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell
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Reproductive system
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Sertoli cell · Leydig cell · Granulosa cell · Peg cell · (spermatozoon and ovum are germ cells)
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Lateral plate/
hemangioblast |
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Blood/immune
(HSC)
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Lymphoid (CFU-L)
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see lymphocytes
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Myeloid (CFU-GEMM)
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see myeloid cells
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Circulatory system
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Endothelial progenitor cell · Endothelial stem cell · Angioblast/Mesoangioblast · Pericyte · Mural cell
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anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell
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noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte
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proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte
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anat(a:h/u/t/a/l,v:h/u/t/a/l)/phys/devp/cell/prot
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noco/syva/cong/lyvd/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug(C2s+n/3/4/5/7/8/9)
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