WordNet

undergo a test; "She doesnt test well"
any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc; "the test was standardized on a large sample of students" (同)mental test, mental testing, psychometric test
the act of undergoing testing; "he survived the great test of battle"; "candidates must compete in a trial of skill" (同)trial
the act of testing something; "in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately"; "he called each flip of the coin a new trial" (同)trial, run
a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" (同)prove, try, try out, examine, essay
achieve a certain score or rating on a test; "She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools"
determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV"
an examination of the characteristics of something; "there are laboratories for commercial testing"; "it involved testing thousands of children for smallpox"
the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works; "they agreed to end the testing of atomic weapons"
tested and proved useful or correct; "a tested method" (同)tried, well-tried
tested and proved to be reliable (同)time-tested, tried, tried and true

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人の能力などの)『試験』,考査,テスト / (物事の)『試験』,検済,試錬,実験《+of+名》 / 化学分析;試薬 / =test match / …‘を'『試験する』,検査する / …‘を'化学分析する / (…の)試験を受ける,試験をする《+for+名》
testis の複数形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/04 22:53:06」(JST)

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Schirmer's test determines whether the eye produces enough tears to keep it moist. This test is used when a person experiences very dry eyes or excessive watering of the eyes. It poses no risk to the subject. A negative (more than 10 mm of moisture on the filter paper in 5 minutes) test result is normal. Both eyes normally secrete the same amount of tears.

It is named for Otto Schirmer.^[1]

Test procedure[edit]

Schirmer test = 0,00 in Sjögren's syndrome

Schirmer's test uses paper strips inserted into the eye for several minutes to measure the production of tears. The exact procedure may vary somewhat. Both eyes are tested at the same time. Most often, this test consists of placing a small strip of filter paper inside the lower eyelid (conjunctival sac). The eyes are closed for 5 minutes. The paper is then removed and the amount of moisture is measured. Sometimes a topical anesthetic is placed into the eye before the filter paper to prevent tearing due to the irritation from the paper. The use of the anesthetic ensures that only basal tear secretion is being measured.

This technique measures basic tear function.

A young person normally moistens 15 mm of each paper strip. Because hypolacrimation occurs with aging, 33% of normal elderly persons may wet only 10 mm in 5 minutes. Persons with Sjögren's syndrome moisten less than 5 mm in 5 minutes.

How to read results of the Schirmer's test:

1. Normal which is ≥15 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.

2. Mild which is 14-9 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.

3. Moderate which is 8-4 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.

4. Severe which is <4 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.

Alternatives to Schirmer's test[edit]

Even though this test has been available for over a century, several clinical studies have shown that it does not properly identify a large group of patients with dry eyes. Newer and better tests of tear production and function are now emerging.

One test measures an iron-binding molecule called lactoferrin. The amount of this molecule appears to be closely related to tear production. Patients with low tear production and dry eyes have low levels of this molecule. This test may be especially valuable for patients with dry eyes since it can point to specific treatment strategies for dry eye.

The tears may also be examined for their content of lysozyme, an enzyme normally found in tears.

Another test involves fluorescein eye drops, which contain a dye that is placed in the eye. The dye should drain with the tears through the lacrimal duct into the nose within 2 minutes. If patients do not have enough tears to flush the dye into the nose, this time will be longer. A new test is also available to more accurately measure the flow of dye out of the eye.

Eye dryness[edit]

Dry eyes can occur from conditions such as:

Aging
Dehydration
Corneal ulcers and infections
Eye infections (for example conjunctivitis)
Vitamin A deficiency
Sjögren's syndrome
Secondary tearing deficiency (associated with disorders such as - lymphoma, leukemia, GVHD (graft vs. host disease, after a transplant), and rheumatoid arthritis)
As a temporary or permanent side effect of LASER vision correction surgery such as LASIK or PRK

The inability of tears to drain into the nose can occur with:

Some eye infections
Blockage of the tear duct

References[edit]

^ "Ophthalmologist and eponyms".

External links[edit]

MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Schirmer's test
Photo
Diagram

UpToDate Contents

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1. シェーグレン症候群の診断および分類 diagnosis and classification of sjogrens syndrome
2. ドライアイ dry eyes
3. 持続性の流涙がみられる小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with persistent tearing
4. 慢性移植片対宿主病の臨床症状、診断、および重症度分類 clinical manifestations diagnosis and grading of chronic graft versus host disease
5. シェーグレン症候群の臨床症状：外分泌腺障害 clinical manifestations of sjogrens syndrome exocrine gland disease

English Journal

Evaluation of Tear Osmolarity in Non-Sjögren and Sjögren Syndrome Dry Eye Patients With the TearLab System.

Szalai E, Berta A, Szekanecz Z, Szûcs G, Módis L Jr.Source*Department of Ophthalmology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary †Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Cornea.Cornea.2012 Aug;31(8):867-71.
PURPOSE: : To evaluate tear osmolarity with the recently introduced TearLab system (TearLab Corporation, San Diego, CA) in patients with non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye (NSSDE) and Sjögren syndrome dry eye (SSDE), and in healthy subjects, and to compare the results with those from classical dry eye t
PMID 22580437

Clinical treatment of dry eye using 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops.

Moscovici BK, Holzchuh R, Chiacchio BB, Santo RM, Shimazaki J, Hida RY.Source*Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (Hospital das Clínicas of da Universidade de São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil †Department of Ophthalmology, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
Cornea.Cornea.2012 Aug;31(8):945-9.
PURPOSE: : To report the clinical outcome of the treatment of dry eyes using 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops (olive oil + tacrolimus 0.03%) (Ophthalmos, Sao Paulo, Brazil).METHODS: : Sixteen eyes of 8 patients with Sjögren syndrome dry eyes (age, 51.13 ± 9.45 years) were enrolled in this study (prospec
PMID 22511024

Japanese Journal

ドライアイの診断と治療の進歩

篠崎和美
東京女子医科大学雑誌 82(E1), E15-E22, 2012-01-31
ドライアイは、この十数年、概念、検査方法、治療のいずれにおいても進歩してきた。まず、ドライアイという疾患が認知され、病態の解明にに向けて研究がはじまり、次いで、ドライアイのための治療薬の開発が行われるようになった。また、最近では、ドライアイにおけるQuality of vision (QOV) が追求されるようになってきた。,ドライアイの概念については、2007年に世界ドライアイワークショップ ( …
NAID 110008767948