WordNet

(microscopy) a dye or other coloring material that is used in microscopy to make structures visible
color for microscopic study; "The laboratory worker dyed the specimen"
color with a liquid dye or tint; "Stain this table a beautiful walnut color"; "people knew how to stain glass a beautiful blue in the middle ages"
produce or leave stains; "Red wine stains the table cloth"
a soiled or discolored appearance; "the wine left a dark stain" (同)discoloration, discolouration
marked or dyed or discolored with foreign matter; "a badly stained tablecloth"; "tear-stained cheeks"
having a coating of stain or varnish (同)varnished
the act of spotting or staining something (同)spotting, maculation
(histology) the use of a dye to color specimens for microscopic study

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/03 19:17:18」(JST)

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Romanowsky staining is a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar methods, including Giemsa, Jenner, Wright, Field, and Leishman stains, which are used to differentiate cells in pathologic specimens. It was named after the Russian Physician, Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky (1861 – 1921), who invented it in 1891.

Microscopic examination of stained blood films[edit source | edit]

Giemsa-stained thin blood film showing Plasmodium falciparum infections^[1]

Paul Ehrlich had used mixtures of acidic and basic dyes for this purpose in 1879: e.g. Fuchsine (acid dye) and methylene blue (basic dye).^[2] In 1891 Dmitry Leonidovich Romanowsky^[3]^[4]^[5] developed techniques using a mixture of Eosin Y and modified Methylene blue that produced a surprising hue unattributable to either staining component: a beautiful, distinctive shade of purple.^[6]^[7] Requirement for the occurrence of the Romanowsky-Giemsa effect are: I A cationic dye: The best dye is azure B and, though azure A gives the nuclear purple colour, the cytoplasmic blue is inferior. No other cationic dye such as methylene blue is suitable. 2 An anionic dye: Most commonly eosin Y is used.^[8] Because the aqueous dye solutions were unstable, methanol was introduced as a solvent, and William Boog Leishman ^[9] y James Homer Wright^[10] advocated use of methanol as a fixative prior to staining. Gustav Giemsa improved this technique by standardizing the dye solutions and adding glycerol to increase stability.^[11]

The demethylation of Methylene Blue in aqueous solution using heat and alkali produces a mixture of Azure A, Azure B, Methylene Violet and Methylene Blue. Eosin Y is then added to produce a "neutral" dye. The precipitate is then dissolved in a mixture of methanol and glycerol to form a stock solution; this is diluted with water or an aqueous buffer to form a 'working' solution that is used in the staining of pathology specimens. The 'working' solution is stable for 3 hours.^[12]

Immunochromatographic capture procedures (Rapid Diagnostic Tests) are nonmicroscopic diagnostic options for the laboratory that may not have appropriate microscopy expertise available.^[13]

References[edit source | edit]

^ Hempelmann E, Tesarowicz I, Oleksyn BJ (2008). "Malaria wciąż groźna". Wszechświat 109: 180–189.
^ Ehrlich P (1880). "Methodologische Beiträge zur Physiologie und Pathologie der verschiedenen Formen der Leukocyten". Z klin Med 1: 553–560.
^ Романовскiй Д.Л. (1890). "Къ вопросу о строенiи чужеядныхъ малярiи". Врачъ 52: 1171–1173.
^ Романовскiй Д.Л. Къ вопросу о паразитологiи и терапiи болотной лихорадки. Диссертацiя на степень доктора медицины. Спб. 1891 г., 118 с.
^ Romanowsky D (1891). "Zur Frage der Parasitologie und Therapie der Malaria". St Petersburg Med Wochenschr 16: 297–302, 307–315.
^ Horobin RW, Walter KJ (1987). "Understanding Romanowsky staining. I: The Romanowsky-Giemsa effect in blood smears". Histochemistry 86 (3): 331–336. PMID 2437082.
^ Woronzoff-Dashkoff KK. (2002). "The wright-giemsa stain. Secrets revealed". Clin Lab Med. 22 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1016/S0272-2712(03)00065-9. PMID 11933573.
^ Wittekind D (1979). "On the nature of Romanowsky dyes and the Romanowsky-Giemsa effect". Clin Lab Haematol 1 (4): 247–262. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.1979.tb01090.x. PMID 94558.
^ Leishman W (1901). "Note on a Simple and Rapid Method of Producing Romanowsky Staining in Malarial and other Blood Films". Br Med J 2 (2125): 757–758. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2125.757. PMC 2507168. PMID 20759810.
^ Wright JH (1902). "A Rapid Method for the Differential Staining of Blood Films and Malarial Parasites". J Med Res. 7 (1): 138–144. PMC 2105822. PMID 19971449.
^ Giemsa G (1904). "Eine Vereinfachung und Vervollkommnung meiner Methylenazur-Methylenblau-Eosin-Färbemethode zur Erzielung der Romanowsky-Nochtschen Chromatinfärbung". Centralbl f Bakt etc 37: 308–311.
^ Marshall PN, Bentley SA, Lewis SM. (1978). "Staining properties and stability of a standardised Romanowsky stain". J Clin Pathol 31 (3): 280–282. doi:10.1136/jcp.31.3.280. PMC 1145244. PMID 76638.
^ Hempelmann E, Wilson RJM (1982). "Immunoprecipitation of malarial enzymes". Protozoology 29: 637.

External links[edit source | edit]

Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria CDC website on malaria diagnosis and treatment
Field stain Staining methods for the identification of malaria parasites
Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria This Royal Perth Hospital (Australia) website provides an excellent overview of malaria diagnostics
UK malaria advisory, diagnostic and reference service for malaria The Malaria Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Laboratory Service in the UK
Chenzinsky and Romanowsky(Russian)(English) On the 120th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Romanowsky Effect

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English Journal

Survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in modified Romanowsky staining solutions.

Duffield R1, Wong HS1, Trott DJ1, Hill PB1.
Veterinary dermatology.Vet Dermatol.2015 Aug;26(4):223-e48. doi: 10.1111/vde.12221.
BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports suggest that rapid staining solutions can become contaminated with micro-organisms, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa.HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether inoculation of rapid Romanowsky-type stains with P. aeruginosa results in viable bacterial contamination, w
PMID 26178602

Comparative study of the efficacy of Wright-Giemsa stain and Liu's stain in the detection of Auer rods in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Yue QF1, Xiong B2, Chen WX1, Liu XY1.
Acta histochemica.Acta Histochem.2014 Jul;116(6):1113-6. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.05.005. Epub 2014 Jun 21.
In view of the importance of Auer rods in the rapid diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia, we compared the results of Wright-Giemsa stain and Liu's stain (a rapid and simple stain, which is also a kind of modified Romanowsky stain) in the detection of Auer rods. This study was based on 53 cases
PMID 24958342

Japanese Journal

タケノコメバル好中球の形態学的および細胞化学的特徴

近藤昌和,安本信哉,高橋幸則
水産大学校研究報告 61(4), 234-241, 2013-03
… 著者らはこれまでに，多条件下Romanowsky型染色評価法(Multiple Romanowsky-type Stain Valuation, MRSV)を各種魚類の好中球に適応し，形態学的特徴を明らかにするとともに，細胞化学的特徴についても調べ，好中球顆粒の種類や存在様式が多様であることを報告した。 …
NAID 120005580917

コイ,ナイルティラピアおよびイサキの好中球顆粒

近藤昌和,安本信哉,大野美和 [他],高橋幸則
水産大学校研究報告 61(2), 51-64, 2012-11
… 近年，多条件下Romanowsky型染色評価法(Multiple Romanowsky-type Stain Valuation, MRSV)によって各種魚類の好中球内顆粒の染色性が調べられており，魚類の好中球顆粒の種類は，魚種によって多様であることが報告されている。 …
NAID 120005580900