WordNet

the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)r
a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication (同)plasmid_DNA
a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows eastward from Texas along the southern boundary of Oklahoma and through Louisiana (同)Red River

PrepTutorEJDIC

resistance / 17歳以下父兄同伴映画の表示 / rook
roentgen / recto

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/17 17:01:59」(JST)

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This article is about the plasmid. For information about the residual factor in crystallography, see R-factor (crystallography). For the racing video game, see rFactor

R-factor is an old name for a plasmid that codes for antibiotic resistance. Often, R-factors code for more than one antibiotic resistance factor: genes that encode resistance to unrelated antibiotics may be carried on a single R-factor, sometimes up to 8 different resistances. Many R-factors can pass from one bacterium to another through bacterial conjugation and are a common means by which antibiotic resistance spreads between bacterial species, genera and even families. For example RP1, a plasmid that encodes resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline and kanamycin originated in a species of Pseudomonas, from the Family Pseudomonadaceae, but can also be maintained in bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia coli.

Transmission[edit]

Bacteria containing F-factors (said to be "F+") have the capability for horizontal gene transfer; they can construct a sex pilus, which emerges from the donor bacterium and ensnares the recipient bacterium, draws it in, and eventually triggers the formation of a mating bridge, merging the cytoplasms of two bacteria via a controlled pore. This pore allows the transfer of genetic material, such as a plasmid. Conjugation allows two bacteria, not necessarily from the same species, to transfer genetic material one way. Since many R-factors contain F-plasmids, antibiotic resistance can be easily spread among a population of bacteria. Also, R-factors can be taken up by "DNA pumps" in their membranes via transformation, or less commonly through viral mediated transduction, although conjugation is the most common means of antibiotic resistance spread.

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English Journal

Dicer is essential for neuronal polarity.

Li Z, He X, Feng J.SourceDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience.Int J Dev Neurosci.2012 Nov;30(7):607-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.08.002. Epub 2012 Aug 15.
Dicer, an RNase III endonuclease, is the enzyme which cleaves microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) precursors into 21-25 nucleotide species. This cleavage is an essential step in the biogenesis of these small noncoding RNA molecules. In their mature forms, siRNA and miRNAs function to
PMID 22982054

Japanese Journal

Plasmid DNA delivery using fluorescein-labeled arginine-rich peptides

Oba Makoto,Demizu Yosuke,Yamashita Hiroko,Kurihara Masaaki,Tanaka Masakazu
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 23(15), 4911-4918, 2015-08-01
… In the present study, three types of Arg-rich peptides, R9 containing nine Arg residues, (RRG)3 containing six Arg and three glycine (Gly) residues, and (RRU)3 containing six Arg and three α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residues, were evaluated for their plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery and cell-penetrating abilities. …
NAID 120005646371

Public Health : Detection of the staphylococcal enterotoxin D-like gene from staphylococcal food poisoning isolates over the last two decades in Tokyo