関: Plasmodium chabaudi、Plasmodium yoelii

WordNet

parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans (同)Plasmodium_vivax, malaria parasite
multinucleate sheet of cytoplasm characteristic of some stages of such organisms as slime molds

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/11 20:08:42」(JST)

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Plasmodium berghei is a unicellular parasite (protozoan) that infects mammals other than humans.

P. berghei is one of the four Plasmodium species that have been described in African murine rodents, the others being:

Plasmodium chabaudi
Plasmodium vinckei
Plasmodium yoelii

These are not of direct practical concern to man or his domestic animals. The interest of these parasites is that they are practical model organisms in the laboratory for the experimental study of human malaria.

Description[edit]

This species was first described by Vincke and Lips in 1948 in the Belgian Congo.^[1]

Geographical occurrence[edit]

P. berghei is found in the forests of Central Africa, where its natural cyclic hosts are the thicket rat (Grammomys surdaster) and the mosquito (Anopheles dureni).

Mammalian hosts[edit]

Thicket rat (Grammomys surdaster), Leggada bella, Praomys jacksoni and Thamnomys surdaster

Vectors[edit]

Anopheles dureni

Research[edit]

Rodent malaria parasites are used in many research institutes for studies aiming at the development of new drugs or a vaccine against malaria.

In the laboratory the natural hosts have been replaced by a number of commercially available laboratory mouse strains, and the mosquito Anopheles stephensi, which is comparatively easily reared and maintained under defined laboratory conditions

Rodent parasites are recognised as valuable model organisms for the investigation of human malaria because they are similar in most essential aspects of morphology, physiology and life cycle and the manipulation of the complete lifecycle of these parasites, including mosquito infections, is simple and safe.

Like all malaria parasites of mammals, including the four human malaria parasites, P. berghei is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and it infects the liver after being injected into the bloodstream by a bite of an infected female mosquito. After a short period (a few days) of development and multiplication, these parasites leave the liver and invade erythrocytes (red blood cells). The multiplication of the parasite in the blood causes the pathology such as anaemia and damage of essential organs of the host such as lungs, liver, spleen. P. berghei infections may also affect the brain and can be the cause of cerebral complications in laboratory mice. These symptoms are to a certain degree comparable to symptoms of cerebral malaria in patients infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

The complete genome of P. berghei has been sequenced^[2] ^[3]and it shows a high similarity, both in structure and gene content, with the genome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

Live P. berghei parasites (green) in erythrocytes. These transgenic parasites can be visualised using a fluorescence microscope as a result of expressing the fluorescent reporter Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

P. berghei can be genetically manipulated in the laboratory using standard genetic engineering technologies. Consequently this parasite is often used for the analysis of the function of malaria genes using the technology of genetic modification.^[4]^[5]

A number of genetically modified P. berghei lines have been generated which express fluorescent reporter proteins such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or bioluminescent reporters such as Luciferase. These transgenic parasites are important tools to study and visualize the parasites in the living host.^[6]^[7]

P. berghei parasites in blood capillaries of the lungs, spleen and adipose tissue in a live mouse. Visualisation is performed by measuring bioluminescence (green/yellow) of transgenic parasites expressing the bioluminescent reporter protein Luciferase

The use of this model malaria parasite has provided biologists and medical researchers with more insight into:

- The interactions of malaria parasites with the immune system.

- The process of infection of the liver by malaria parasites.

- The cause of severe pathology, such as cerebral complications in malaria patients.

- The infection of the mosquito and transmission of the parasite by the mosquito.

- Generation of genetically attenuated parasites (GAP) and their use to induce protective immune responses by vaccination with GAP^[8]

Moreover, P. berghei is used in research programs for development and screening of anti-malarial drugs and for the development of an effective vaccine against malaria.

References[edit]

^ Vincke, I.H. and Lips, M. (1948) Un nouveau plasmodium d'un rongeur sauvage du Congo: Plasmodium berghei n.sp. Annales de la Société Belge de Médecine Tropicale 28, 97-104
^ Hall et al. (2005) A comprehensive survey of the Plasmodium life cycle by genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses. Science 307, 82-6
^ Kooij TW, Janse CJ, Waters AP. (2006) Plasmodium post-genomics: better the bug you know? Nat Rev Microbiol. 4:344-357
^ Janse CJ, Ramesar J, Waters AP. High-efficiency transfection and drug selection of genetically transformed blood stages of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Nature Protocols 2006, 1:346-56.
^ Janse C.J. et al (2011) A genotype and phenotype database of genetically modified malaria-parasites. Trends Parasitol. 27:31-39
^ Amino R, Ménard R, Frischknecht F. In vivo imaging of malaria parasites--recent advances and future directions. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2005 8:407-14
^ Franke-Fayard B, Waters AP, Janse CJ. Real-time in vivo imaging of transgenic bioluminescent blood stages of rodent malaria parasites in mice. Nature Protocols 2006, 1:476-85.
^ Khan SM, Janse CJ, Kappe SH, Mikolajczak SA.(2012) Genetic engineering of attenuated malaria parasites for vaccination. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 23:908-916

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Plasmodium berghei

General information about (the biology of) P. berghei

P. berghei - Model of malaria

Information about the genome and genes of P. berghei

www.pberghei.eu
www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/P_berghei/
www.genedb.org/Homepage/Pberghei
www.plasmodb.org/plasmo/home.jsp
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=genomeprj&Cmd=Search&Term=txid5821

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English Journal

Antimalarial activity of endoperoxide compound 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol.

Sato A, Hiramoto A, Morita M, Matsumoto M, Komich Y, Nakase Y, Tanigawa N, Hiraoka O, Hiramoto K, Hayatsu H, Higaki K, Kawai S, Masuyama A, Nojima M, Wataya Y, Kim HS.SourceFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
Parasitology international.Parasitol Int.2011 Sep;60(3):270-3. Epub 2011 Apr 8.
Plasmodium falciparum, the major causative parasite for the disease, has acquired resistance to most of the antimalarial drugs used today, presenting an immediate need for new antimalarial drugs. Here, we report the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonade
PMID 21501696

Characterization of Plasmodium berghei glutathione synthetase.

Sharma SK, Banyal HS.AbstractPlasmodium berghei contained 0.454±0.031U/mg of glutathione synthetyase (GS). GS was purified using solid ammonium sulfate and Sephadex G-200 from P. berghei infected mouse erythrocytes. SDS-PAGE showed purified GS as a single band protein of 70kDa and its Km for γ-glutamylcysteine, glycine and ATP being 0.33mM, 8.3mM and 0.43mM respectively with noncompetitive inhibition by GSH. The malaria parasite enzyme was optimally active at 37°C and pH 8.0-8.5. Heavy metals significantly inhibited parasite GS activity.
Parasitology international.Parasitol Int.2011 Sep;60(3):321-3. Epub 2011 Mar 4.
Plasmodium berghei contained 0.454±0.031U/mg of glutathione synthetyase (GS). GS was purified using solid ammonium sulfate and Sephadex G-200 from P. berghei infected mouse erythrocytes. SDS-PAGE showed purified GS as a single band protein of 70kDa and its Km for γ-glutamylcysteine, glycine and AT
PMID 21377539

Japanese Journal

Microfluorometric assay for quantification of anti-erythrocytic antibody level in sera of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected semi-immune mice

K Helegbe Gideon,T Huy Nguyen,Yanagi Tetsuo,N Shuaibu Mohammed,Kikuchi Mihoko,Yasunami Michio,Hirayama Kenji
Tropical Medicine and Health advpub(0), 1010150146, 2010
… The level of anti-erythrocytic auto-antibody measured using fluorometry was significantly higher in sera of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice than the uninfected, p‹0.0001. …
NAID 130000455535

ビタミンCの欠乏はマウスマラリア抵抗性を誘導しない

HERBAS Maria Shirley,SUZUKI Hiroshi
Experimental Animals 59(2), 239-243, 2010
… When vitamin C deficient mice, L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase gene knockout mice which are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid, were infected with a lethal dose of Plasmodium berghei NK65-infected red blood cells, the knockout mice showed similar parasitemia kinetics and survival rates as wild-type mice. …
NAID 130000254352

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ネズミマラリア原虫」「Plasmodium chabaudi」「Plasmodium yoelii」「プラスモディウム・ベルゲイ」
関連記事	「Plasmodium」

「ネズミマラリア原虫」

Plasmodium berghei
	Blood forms in red blood cells
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukarya
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Superphylum:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Apicomplexa
Class:	Aconoidasida
Subclass:	Haemosporidiasina
Order:	Chromatorida
Suborder:	Laveraniina
Family:	Plasmodiidae
Genus:	Plasmodium
Species:	P. berghei
Binomial name
	Plasmodium berghei;