Plantagenet

　

WordNet

1. the family name of a line of English kings that reigned from 1154 to 1485 (同)Plantagenet line

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/10 16:31:49」(JST)

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"Plantagenet" redirects here. For other uses, see Plantagenet (disambiguation).

House of Plantagenet
Armorial of Plantagenet
Country	Kingdom of England, Kingdom of France, Lordship of Ireland, Principality of Wales
Parent house	Angevins
Titles	King of England King of the Romans Lord of Ireland Prince of Wales Duke of Aquitaine Duke of Normandy Duke of Brittany Count of Anjou Count of Maine Count of Nantes Count of Poitou Lord of Cyprus Plantagenet claim to France Plantagenet claim to Jerusalem Plantagenet claim to Sicily Plantagenet claim to Rome Plantagenet claim to Castile
Founded	1126
Founder	Geoffroy de Plantagenêt, Count of Anjou
Final ruler	Richard III of England
Dissolution	1485
Cadet branches	House of Lancaster House of York

The House of Plantagenet (/plænˈtædʒənət/ plan-TAJ-ə-nət also spelt in English sources as Plantaganet, Plantagenett, Plantagenette, Plantaginet, Plantagynett, etc.) was a family—originally from the former French province of Anjou— whose members held the English throne from the accession of Henry II in 1154 to the death of Richard III in 1485. Within that period, some historians identify four distinct royal houses: Angevins, Plantagenet, Lancaster and York. In the 10 years from 1144, two successive counts of Anjou won control of a vast assemblage of lands that would last for 80 years and would retrospectively be referred to as the Angevin Empire. The first of these counts—Geoffrey— became duke of Normandy in 1144 and his successor—Henry— added Aquitaine by virtue of his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 and became king of England in 1154 by successfully pursuing a claim derived from his descent from his maternal grandfather, Henry I of England. From Henry’s fourth son—John— the dynasty continued successfully forming a long line of 14 English Plantagenet kings. The name of Plantagenet that historians use for the entire dynasty dates from the 15th century and comes from a 12th-century nickname of Geoffrey.

It was under the Plantagenet’s rule that England was transformed from a colony often governed from abroad and considered of lesser significance into a sophisticated, politically engaged and independent kingdom. This was not always necessarily due to the conscious intentions of the Plantagenets as Winston Churchill, the twentieth-century British prime minister, articulated in A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: "[w]hen the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns". They were often forced by weakness to negotiate compromises that constrained their power as kings in return for financial and military support—such Magna Carta— which transformed the role of kingship. No longer would the king solely be the most powerful man in the country holding the prerogative of judgement, feudal tribute and warfare but the monarch would also have defined duties to his realm underpinned by a sophisticated justice system. A distinct national identity was shaped by conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish and the use of English re-established. The Plantagenets also provided England with significant buildings such as King's College, Cambridge, Eton College, Westminster Abbey, Windsor Castle and the Welsh Castles.

The Plantagenet’s conclusive defeat in the Hundred Years' War broke confidence in the status quo and through the burden of taxes supporting the war they played a part in devastating the English economy. Several popular revolts demanded greater rights and freedoms for the general population. Crime increased as soldiers returned destitute from France, the nobility raised private armies, pursued private feuds and defied the weak leadership of Henry VI. Throughout the Plantagenet period there was continual rivalry between the members of the family but no English dynasty was as successful in passing the crown to a succeeding generation as the Plantagenets from 1189 to 1377. However, the political and economic situation combined with the splintering of the dynasty into competing cadet branches—the House of York and House of Lancaster— in the 15th-century developed these regular conflicts into the internecine strife later named the Wars of the Roses.

These events culminated in 1485 with the death of the last Plantagenet king—Richard III— at the Battle of Bosworth Field. This marks the end of Plantagenet power and the Middle Ages in England for many historians. The succeeding Tudors were able to resolve many of the problems that beset the later Plantagenets through centralising royal power by which they provided the necessary stability for an English Renaissance and the beginnings of Early modern Britain.

Origin

Thirteenth-century depiction of the Angevins (Henry II and his legitimate children): (left to right) William, Henry, Richard, Matilda, Geoffrey, Eleanor, Joan and John

The line of the counts of Anjou that the Plantagenets are part of descend from Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais and Ermengarde of Anjou—daughter of Fulk III of Anjou—who inherited the title in 1060 via cognatic kinship to a family descended from a noble called Ingelger in 870. The marriage of Count Geoffrey to Henry I of England's daughter, heir and only surviving legitimate child—Matilda— that brought about the convergence of the Angevins, the House of Normandy and the House of Wessex was part of a power struggle during the tenth and eleventh centuries that the counts of Anjou had with rival princes in northern and western Gaul. It was from this marriage that Geoffrey’s son, Henry, inherited the claims to England, Normandy and Anjou that mark the beginning of the Angevin and Plantagenet dynasties. These princes included the ruler of Normandy—Henry, Brittany, Poitou, Blois, Maine and the kings of France.

This was the third attempt that Geoffrey’s father—Fulk V, Count of Anjou—had tried to build a political alliance with Normandy. The first was by marrying his daughter Alice to Henry’s heir—William Adelin—but the prince drowned in the wreck of the White Ship. Fulk then married his daughter Sibylla to William Clito, heir to Henry's older brother Robert Curthose, but Henry had the marriage annulled to avoid the strengthening of William’s the rival claim to his lands.On completion of his strategy Fulk resigned all his titles to Geoffrey and sailed to become King of Jerusalem.

Terminology

Plantagenet

Henry II became the first Plantagenet King of England.

It was Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, who adopted Plantagenet as a family name for him and his descendants in the 15th century. Plantegenest (or Plante Genest) had been a 12th-century nickname of Geoffrey, perhaps because his emblem may have been the common broom, (planta genista in medieval Latin). It is uncertain why Richard chose this specific name, but it emphasised Richard's status as Geoffrey's (and six English kings') patrilineal descendant during the Wars of the Roses. The retrospective usage of the name for all of Geoffrey's male descendants was popular in Tudor times, perhaps encouraged by the added legitimacy it gave Richard's great grandson, Henry VIII of England.

Angevins

Many historians consider the Angevins /ændʒvɪns/, meaning from Anjou, as a distinct royal house and the term is used as a collective noun for the three English monarchs—Henry II, Richard I and John—of the Angevin dynasty. These historians consider John’s son, Henry III, to be the first Plantagenet king of England while other historians who do not make a distinction between Angevin and Plantagenet consider the first to be Henry II.

Angevin kings of England

See also: Angevin kings of England

Arrival in England

Henry's continental holdings in 1154, showing the lands named as the "Angevin Empire"

Matilda's father Henry I of England named her as heir to his large holdings in what are now France and England. But on Henry's death her cousin Stephen had himself proclaimed king. Geoffrey showed little interest in England, but he supported Matilda by entering Normandy to claim her inheritance. Matilda landed in England to challenge Stephen and was declared "Lady of the English" which resulted in a civil war called the Anarchy. When Matilda was forced to release Stephen in a hostage exchange for her half-brother Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, Stephen was re-crowned. Matilda was never crowned as the English conflict continued inconclusively. However, Geoffrey secured the Duchy of Normandy. Matilda's son, Henry II, by his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine had acquired the Duchy of Aquitaine and was now immensely rich. With skilful negotiation with the war-weary Barons of England and King Stephen, he agreed to the Treaty of Wallingford and was recognised as Stephen's heir.

Henry saw an opportunity to re-establish what he saw as his rights over the Church in England by appointing his friend, Thomas Becket to the post of Archbishop of Canterbury. However, Becket opposed Henry's Constitutions of Clarendon and relationships worsened, resulting in three of his men murdering Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. In Christian Europe Henry was considered complicit in this crime, making him a pariah, and he was forced to make a dramatic exhibition of penance, publicly walking barefoot into the cathedral and allowing monks to scourge him.

In 1155 Pope Adrian IV gave Henry papal blessing to expand his power into Ireland in order to reform the Irish church. Henry allowed Dermot of Leinster to recruit soldiers in England and Wales for use in Ireland, including Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, known as Strongbow. These knights took on the role of colonisers, accruing autonomous power, which concerned Henry. When Dermot died in 1171 Strongbow, as his son-in-law, seized significant territory. In response, and also to escape the controversy caused by the murder of Becket, Henry landed and re-established all fiefs, and jurisdictions in Ireland were held subordinate to him as high king.

When Henry II attempted to give his landless youngest son, John, a wedding gift of three castles it prompted his three eldest sons and wife to rebel in the Revolt of 1173–1174. Louis VII encouraged the three elder sons to destabilise his mightiest subject and not to wait for their inheritances. William the Lion and disgruntled subjects of Henry II also joined the revolt for their own ends. It was only after eighteen months of conflict that Henry II was able to force the rebels to submit to his authority. In Le Mans in 1182 Henry II gathered his children to plan for partible inheritance in which his eldest son, also called Henry, would inherit England, Normandy and Anjou; Richard the Duchy of Aquitaine; Geoffrey Brittany and John would receive Ireland. This broke down into further conflict and the younger Henry rebelled again, but died of dysentery. In 1186 Geoffrey died as a result of a tournament accident but Henry was still reluctant to have a sole heir so, in 1189, Richard I and Philip II of France took advantage of a sickening Henry II with more success. Henry II was forced to accept humiliating peace terms, including naming Richard as sole heir. When Henry II died shortly afterwards his last words to Richard were allegedly "God grant that I may not die until I have my revenge on you".

Decline

King Richard I's Great Seal of 1189

On the day of Richard's English coronation there was a mass slaughter of the Jews, described by Richard of Devizes as a "holocaust". Quickly putting the affairs of the Angevin Empire in order he departed on Crusade to the Middle East in early 1190. Opinions of Richard amongst his contemporaries were mixed. He had rejected and humiliated the king of France's sister; deposed the well-connected king of Cyprus and afterwards sold the island; insulted and refused spoils of the third crusade to nobles like Leopold V, Duke of Austria, and was rumoured to have arranged the assassination of Conrad of Montferrat. His cruelty was demonstrated by his massacre of 2,600 prisoners in Acre. However, Richard was respected for his military leadership and courtly manners. He achieved victories in the Third Crusade but failed to capture Jerusalem, retreating from the Holy Land with a small band of followers.

Richard was captured by Leopold on his return journey. Custody was passed to Henry the Lion and a tax of 25% of movables and income was required to pay the ransom of 100,000 marks, with a promise of 50,000 more. Philip II of France had overrun great swathes of Normandy while John of England controlled much of the remainder of Richard's lands. But, on his return to England, Richard forgave John and re-established his control. Leaving England in 1194 never to return, Richard battled Phillip for the next five years for the return of the holdings seized during his incarceration. Close to total victory he was injured by an arrow during the siege of Château de Châlus-Chabrol and died after lingering injured for ten days.

Richard's failure in his duty to provide an heir caused a succession crisis. Anjou, Brittany, Maine and Touraine chose Richard's nephew and nominated heir, Arthur, while John succeeded in England and Normandy. Yet again Philip II of France took the opportunity to destabilise the Plantagenet territories on the European mainland, supporting his vassal Arthur's claim to the English crown. When Arthur's forces threatened his mother, John won a significant victory, capturing the entire rebel leadership at the Battle of Mirebeau.

Arthur was murdered, it was rumoured by John's own hands, and his sister Eleanor would spend the rest of her life in captivity. John's behaviour drove numerous French barons to side with Phillip. The resulting rebellions by the Norman and Angevin barons broke John's control of the continental possessions, leading to the de facto end of the Angevin Empire, even though Henry III would maintain the claim until 1259.

After re-establishing his authority in England, John planned to retake Normandy and Anjou. The strategy was to draw the French from Paris while another army, under Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, attacked from the north. However, his allies were defeated at the Battle of Bouvines in one of the most decisive and symbolic battles in French history. The battle had both important and high profile consequences. John's nephew Otto retreated and was soon overthrown while King John agreed to a five-year truce. Philip's decisive victory was crucial in ordering politics in both England and France. The battle was instrumental in forming the absolute monarchy in France.

Magna Carta and the First Barons War

Main articles: Magna Carta and First Barons' War

One of only four surviving exemplifications of the 1215 text of Magna Carta

John's defeats in France weakened his position in England. The rebellion of his English vassals resulted in the treaty called Magna Carta, which limited royal power and established common law. This would form the basis of every constitutional battle through the 13th and 14th centuries. However, both the barons and the crown failed to abide by the terms of Magna Carta, leading to the First Barons' War in which the rebel barons invited an invasion by Prince Louis. This is considered by some historians to mark the end of the Angevin period and the beginning of the Plantagenet dynasty with John's death and William Marshall's appointment as the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. Marshall won the war with victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217, leading to the Treaty of Lambeth by which Louis renounced his claims. In victory, the Marshal Protectorate reissued the Magna Carta agreement as a basis for future government.

Plantagenet main line

Despite the 1217 Treaty of Lambeth, hostilities continued and Henry was forced to make significant constitutional concessions to the newly crowned Louis VIII of France and Henry's stepfather Hugh X of Lusignan. Between them, they overran much of the remnants of Henry's continental holdings, further eroding the Angevin's grip on the continent. Henry saw such similarities between himself and England's then patron saint Edward the Confessor in his struggle with his nobles that he gave his first son the Anglo-Saxon name Edward and built the saint a magnificent, still-extant shrine. The barons were resistant to the cost in men and money required to support a foreign war to restore Plantagenet holdings on the continent. In order to motivate his barons, and facing a repeat of the situation his father faced, Henry III reissued Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest in return for a tax that raised the incredible sum of £45,000. This was enacted in an assembly of the barons, bishops and magnates that created a compact in which the feudal prerogatives of the king were debated and discussed in the political community.

Cast of the effigy of Henry III in Westminster Abbey, c. 1272

The pope had offered Henry's brother Richard the Kingdom of Sicily but he recognised that the cost of making this claim real was prohibitive. Matthew Paris wrote that Richard responded to the price by saying, "You might as well say, 'I make you a present of the moon—step up to the sky and take it down'". Instead, Henry purchased the kingdom for his son Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, which angered many powerful barons. Bankrupted by his military expenses, Henry was forced to agree to the Provisions of Oxford by barons led by his brother-in-law, Simon de Montfort, under which his debts were paid in exchange for substantial reforms. He was also forced to agree to the Treaty of Paris with Louis IX of France, acknowledging the loss of the Dukedom of Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Poitou, but retaining the Channel Islands. The treaty held that "islands (if any) which the king of England should hold", he would retain "as peer of France and Duke of Aquitaine" In exchange Louis withdrew his support for English rebels, ceded three bishoprics and cities, and was to pay an annual rent for possession of Agenais. Disagreements about the meaning of the treaty began as soon as it was signed. The agreement resulted in English kings having to pay homage to the French monarch, thus remaining French vassals, but only on French soil. This was one of the indirect causes of the Hundred Years War.

Second Barons War and the establishment of Parliament

Main article: Second Barons' War

Death and mutilation of Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham

Friction intensified between the barons and the king. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, captured most of south-eastern England. At the Battle of Lewes in 1264, Henry and Prince Edward were defeated and taken prisoner. De Montfort summoned the Great Parliament, regarded as the first Parliament worthy of the name because it was the first time cities and burghs sent representatives. Edward escaped and raised an army, defeating and killing de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Savage retribution was exacted on the rebels and authority was restored to Henry. Edward, having pacified the realm, left England to join Louis IX on the Ninth Crusade. He was one of the last crusaders in the tradition aiming to recover the Holy Lands. Louis died before Edward's arrival, but Edward decided to continue. The result was anticlimactic; Edward's small force limited him to the relief of Acre and a handful of raids. Surviving a murder attempt by an assassin, Edward left for Sicily later in the year, never to return on crusade. The stability of England's political structure was demonstrated when Henry III died and his son succeeded as Edward I; the barons swore allegiance to Edward even though he did not return for two years.

Conquest of Wales

Main article: Conquest of Wales by Edward I

Wales after the Treaty of Montgomery 1267

  Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's principality

  Territories conquered by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

  Territories of Llywelyn's vassals

  Lordships of the Marcher barons

  Lordships of the King of England

From the beginning of his reign Edward I sought to organise his inherited territories. As a devotee of the cult of King Arthur he also attempted to enforce claims to primacy within the British Isles. Wales consisted of a number of princedoms, often in conflict with each other. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd held north Wales in fee to the English king under the Treaty of Woodstock, but had taken advantage of the English civil wars to consolidate his position as Prince of Wales and maintained that his principality was 'entirely separate from the rights' of England. Edward considered Llywelyn 'a rebel and disturber of the peace'. Edward's determination, military experience and skilful use of ships ended Welsh independence by driving Llywelyn into the mountains. Llywelyn later died in battle. The Statute of Rhuddlan extended the shire system, bringing Wales into the English legal framework. When Edward's son was born he was proclaimed as the first English Prince of Wales. Edward's Welsh campaign produced one of the largest armies ever assembled by an English king in a formidable combination of heavy Anglo-Norman cavalry and Welsh archers that laid the foundations of later military victories in France. Edward spent around £173,000 on his two Welsh campaigns, largely on a network of castles to secure his control.

Constitutional change and the reform of feudalism

Main article: Edward I of England

Because of his legal reforms Edward is sometimes called The English Justinian, although whether he was a reformer or an autocrat responding to events is debated. His campaigns left him in debt. This necessitated that he gain wider national support for his policies among lesser landowners, merchants and traders so that he could raise taxes through frequently summoned Parliaments. When Philip IV of France confiscated the duchy of Gascony in 1294, more money was needed to wage war in France. To gain financial support for the war effort, Edward summoned a precedent-setting assembly known as the Model Parliament, which included barons, clergy, knights and townspeople. Edward imposed his authority on the Church with the Statutes of Mortmain that prohibited the donation of land to the Church, asserted the rights of the Crown at the expense of traditional feudal privileges, promoted the uniform administration of justice, raised income and codified the legal system.

Anglo-Scottish wars

Main article: Wars of Scottish Independence

Edward asserted that the king of Scotland owed him feudal allegiance and intended to create a dual monarchy by marrying his son Edward to Margaret, Maid of Norway, who was the sole heir of Alexander III of Scotland. When Margaret died Edward was invited by the Scottish magnates to resolve the disputed inheritance. Edward obtained recognition from the competitors for the Scottish throne that he had the 'sovereign lordship of Scotland and the right to determine our several pretensions' deciding the case in favour of John Balliol, who duly swore loyalty to him and became king. Edward insisted that Scotland was not independent and that as sovereign lord he had the right to hear in England appeals against Balliol's judgements, undermining Balliol's authority. John entered into an alliance with France in 1295 and in 1296 Edward invaded Scotland, deposing and exiling Balliol.

Scene from the Holkham Bible, shows knights and foot soldiers from the period of Bannockburn

Edward was less successful in Gascony, which was overrun by the French. His commitments were beginning to outweigh his resources and Edward was forced to reconfirm the Charters (including Magna Carta) to obtain the money he required. A truce and peace treaty the French king restored the duchy of Gascony to Edward. Meanwhile William Wallace had risen in Balliol's name and recovered most of Scotland, before being defeated at the Battle of Falkirk. Robert the Bruce now rebelled and was crowned king of Scotland. Edward died on his way to lead another Scottish campaign.

Edward II's coronation oath on his succession in 1307 was the first to reflect the king's responsibility to maintain the laws that the community "shall have chosen" ("aura eslu"). The king was initially popular but faced three challenges: discontent over the financing of wars; his household spending and the role of Piers Gaveston. When Parliament decided that Gaveston should be exiled the king had no choice but to comply. The king engineered Gaveston's return, but was forced to agree to the appointment of Ordainers, led by his cousin Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, to reform the royal household with Piers Gaveston exiled again. When Gaveston returned again to England, he was abducted and executed after a mock trial. This brutal act drove Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, and his adherents from power. Edward's humiliating defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn by Bruce, confirming Bruce's position as an independent king of Scots, returned the initiative to Lancaster and Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick, who had not taken part in the campaign, claiming that it was in defiance of the Ordinances. Edward finally repealed the Ordinances after defeating and executing Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322.

Hundred Years' War

Main articles: Hundred Years' War, Hundred Years' War (1337–1360) and Hundred Years' War (1369–1389)

Isabella, third from left, with her father, Philip IV, her future French king brothers, and Philip's brother, Charles of Valois

The French monarchy asserted its rights to encroach on Edward's legal rights in Gascony. Resistance to one judgement in Saint-Sardos resulted in Charles IV declaring the duchy forfeit. Charles's sister, Queen Isabella, was sent to negotiate and agreed to a treaty that required Edward to pay homage in France to Charles. Edward resigned Aquitaine and Ponthieu to his son, Prince Edward, who travelled to France to give homage in his stead. With the English heir in her power, Isabella refused to return to England unless Edward II dismissed his favourites and also formed a relationship with Roger Mortimer. The couple invaded England and, joined by Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, captured the king. Edward II abdicated on the condition that his son would inherit the throne rather than Mortimer. He is generally believed to have been murdered at Berkeley Castle by having a red-hot poker thrust into his bowels. A coup by Edward III ended four years of control by Isabella and Mortimer. Roger Mortimer was executed. Though removed from power, Isabella was treated well, living in luxury for the next 27 years.

In 1328 Charles IV of France died without a male heir. His cousin Phillip of Valois and Queen Isabella, on behalf of her son Edward, were the major claimants to the throne. Philip, as senior grandson of Philip III of France in the male line, became king over Edward's claim as a matrilineal grandson of Philip IV of France, following the precedents of Philip V's succession over his niece Joan II of Navarre and Charles IV's succession over his nieces. Not yet in power, Edward III paid homage to Phillip as Duke of Aquitaine and the French king continued to assert feudal pressure on Gascony, leading Edward to go to war. Edward proclaimed himself king of France to encourage the Flemish to rise in open rebellion against the French king. The conflict, known as the Hundred Years War saw a significant England naval victory at the Battle of Sluys. eventually followed by a victory on land at Crécy, leaving Edward free to capture the important port of Calais. A subsequent victory against Scotland at the Battle of Neville's Cross resulted in the capture of David II and reduced the threat from Scotland. The Black Death in England brought a halt to Edward's campaigns by killing between a third to more than half of his subjects. The only Plantagenet known to have died from the Black Death was Edward III's daughter Joan on her way to marry Pedro of Castile.

The victory at Crécy was an important Plantagenet success of the Edwardian War in France.

Edward, the Black Prince, resumed the war with destructive chevauchées starting from Bordeaux. His army was caught by a much larger French force at Poitiers, but the ensuing battle was a decisive English victory resulting in the capture of John II of France. The Second Treaty of London was signed, which promised a four million écus ransom. It was guaranteed by the Valois family hostages being held in London, while John returned to France to raise his ransom. Edward gained possession of Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, Maine and the coastline from Flanders to Spain, restoring the lands of the former Angevin Empire. The hostages quickly escaped back to France. John, horrified that his word had been broken, returned to England and died there. Edward invaded France in an attempt to take advantage of the popular rebellion of the Jacquerie, hoping to seize the throne. Although no French army stood against him, he was unable to take Paris or Rheims. In the subsequent Treaty of Brétigny he renounced his claim to the French crown, but greatly expanded his territory in Aquitaine and confirmed his conquest of Calais.

Fighting in the Hundred Years' War spilled from the French and Plantagenet lands into surrounding realms, including the dynastic conflict in Castile between Peter of Castile and Henry II of Castile. The Black Prince allied himself with Peter, defeating Henry at the Battle of Nájera before falling out with Peter, who had no means to reimburse him, leaving Edward bankrupt. The Plantagenets continued to interfere and John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, the Black Prince's brother, married Peter's daughter Constance, claiming the Crown of Castile in the name of his wife. He arrived with an army, asking John I to give up the throne in favour of Constance. John declined; instead his son married John of Gaunt's daughter, Catherine of Lancaster, creating the title Prince of Asturias for the couple.

Richard II meets the rebels of the Peasants' Revolt in a painting from Froissart's Chronicles

Charles V of France resumed hostilities when the Black Prince refused a summons as Duke of Aquitaine and his reign saw the Plantagenets steadily pushed back in France. The prince fell ill and returned to England where he soon died. His brother John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster assumed leadership in France. The English lost towns including Poitiers and Bergerac and their dominance at sea was reversed by defeat at the Battle of La Rochelle, undermining English seaborne trade and allowing Gascony to be threatened.

The Black Prince's 10-year-old son succeeded as Richard II of England on the death of his grandfather, with government in the hands of a regency council. The poor state of the economy as his government levied a number of poll taxes to finance military campaigns, resulted in the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, followed by brutal reprisals against the rebels. The king's uncle Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, and Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, became known as the Lords Appellant when they sought to impeach five of the king's favourites and restrain what was increasingly seen as tyrannical and capricious rule. Later they were joined by Henry Bolingbroke, the son and heir of John of Gaunt, and Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. Initially, they were successful in establishing a commission to govern England for one year, but they were forced to rebel against Richard, defeating an army under Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, at the skirmish of Radcot Bridge. Richard was reduced to a figurehead with little power. As a result of the Merciless Parliament, de Vere and Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk, who had fled abroad, were sentenced to death in their absence. Alexander Neville, Archbishop of York, had all of his worldly goods confiscated. A number of Richard's council were executed. Following John of Gaunt's return from Spain, Richard was able to rebuild his power, having Gloucester murdered in captivity in Calais. Warwick was stripped of his title. Bolingbroke and Mowbray were exiled.

End of Plantagenet main line

When John of Gaunt died in 1399, Richard disinherited Henry of Bolingbroke, who invaded England in response with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Meeting little resistance, Henry deposed Richard to have himself crowned Henry IV of England. Richard died in captivity early the next year, probably murdered, bringing an end to the main Plantagenet line.

House of Lancaster

Main article: House of Lancaster

The Battle of Agincourt fought on Saint Crispin's Day.

Henry asserted that his mother had legitimate rights through descent from Edmund Crouchback, whom he claimed was the elder son of Henry III of England, set aside due to deformity. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, was the heir presumptive to Richard II by being the grandson of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence. As a child he was not considered a serious contender and he never showed interest in the throne. However, the later marriage of his granddaughter to Richard's son consolidated his descendants' claim to the throne with that of the more junior House of York. Henry planned to resume war with France, but was plagued with financial problems, declining health and frequent rebellions. He defeated a Scottish invasion, a serious rebellion by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland in the North and put down Owain Glyndŵr's rebellion in Wales. Many saw it as a punishment from God when Henry was later struck down with leprosy and epilepsy.

Hundred Years' War (1415–53) – the Lancastrian war

Main article: Hundred Years' War (1415–1453)

Hundred Years' War evolution. French territory: yellow; English: grey; Burgundian: dark grey.

Henry IV died in 1413. His son and successor, Henry V of England, aware that Charles VI of France's mental illness had caused instability in France, invaded to assert the Plantagenet claims and won a near total victory over the French at the Battle of Agincourt. In subsequent years Henry recaptured much of Normandy and successfully secured marriage to Catherine of Valois. The resulting Treaty of Troyes stated that Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. However, conflict continued with the Dauphin. When Henry died in 1422, he was succeeded by his nine-month old son as Henry VI of England. The elderly Charles VI of France died two months later. French victory at the Battle of Patay enabled the Dauphin to be crowned at Reims.

During the minority of Henry VI the war caused political division amongst the Plantagenets, Bedford, Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, and Cardinal Beaufort. Humphrey's wife was accused of using witchcraft with the aim of putting him on the throne and Humphrey was later arrested and died in prison. The refusal to renounce the Plantagenet claim to the French crown at the congress of Arras enabled the former Plantagenet ally Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, to reconcile with Charles, while giving Charles time to reorganise his feudal levies into a modern professional army. Victory at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, brought an end to the war leaving only Calais as a continental possession.

Wars of the Roses

Main article: Wars of the Roses

Henry's heir Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York was a descendent of both Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and Edmund, Duke of York. When Henry had a mental breakdown, Richard was named regent, but the birth of a male heir that resolved the succession question. When Henry's sanity returned, the court party reasserted its authority. Richard of York and the Nevilles, defeated them at a skirmish called the First Battle of St Albans. The ruling class was deeply shocked and reconciliation was attempted. York, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, fled abroad. The Nevilles returned to win the Battle of Northampton, where they captured Henry. When Richard joined them, he surprised Parliament by claiming the throne, then forcing through the Act of Accord, which stated that Henry would remain as monarch for his lifetime, but would be succeeded by York. Margaret found this disregarding of her son's claims unacceptable and so the conflict continued. York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield and his head set on display at Micklegate Bar, along with those of Edmund, Earl of Rutland, and Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, who had both been captured and beheaded.

House of York

Main article: House of York

Bronze boar mount thought to have been worn by a supporter of Richard III, often described as the last Plantagenet king

The Scottish queen Mary of Guelders provided Margaret with support and a Scottish army pillaged into southern England. London resisted in the fear of being plundered, then enthusiastically welcomed York's son Edward, Earl of March, with Parliament confirming that Edward should be made king. Edward was crowned after consolidating his position with victory at the Battle of Towton.

Edward's preferment of the former Lancastrian-supporting Woodville family, following his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, led to Warwick and Clarence helping Margaret depose Edward and return Henry to the throne. Edward and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, fled, but on their return Clarence switched sides at the Battle of Barnet, leading to the death of the Neville brothers. The subsequent Battle of Tewkesbury brought the demise of the last of the male line of the Beauforts. The battlefield execution of Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and later murder of Henry VI extinguished the House of Lancaster.

By the mid-1470s, the victorious House of York looked safely established, with seven living male princes, but it quickly brought about its own demise. George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, plotted against his brother and was executed. Following Edward's premature death in 1483, his brother Richard had Parliament declare Edwards's two sons illegitimate on the pretext of an alleged prior pre-contract to Lady Eleanor Talbot, leaving Edward's marriage invalid. Richard seized the throne and the Princes in the Tower were never seen again. Richard's son predeceased him and he was killed in 1485, following an invasion of foreign mercenaries led by Henry Tudor, who claimed the throne through his mother Margaret Beaufort. He assumed the throne as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty and bringing the Plantagenet line of kings to an end.

Henry VII, the Tudors and the Plantagenet descendants

Elizabeth of York

Henry VII of England was crowned and married Edward's heiress Elizabeth of York to legitimise his reign. Henry battled for more than a decade to prevail over Plantagenet plots by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy. She sent Lambert Simnel, who purported to be her nephew Warwick, to Ireland. His army of Irish and Flemish supporters was defeated at the Battle of Stoke Field in 1487.

The Duchess of Burgundy also claimed that Perkin Warbeck was Richard of Shrewsbury and twice supported invasions of England before Warbeck was captured and imprisoned in 1497. Warbeck's later escape attempt led to his execution and the execution of the last legitimate male line of the Plantagenets, Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499. When Henry Tudor seized the throne, there were numerous Plantagenet descendants who by later modern standards had a stronger right, including both his mother and future wife. By 1510 the number of claimants had increased by the birth of more than a dozen more Yorkists. Yorkists continued to be imprisoned or executed up to the reign of Elizabeth I of England, with the Tudors ruthlessly extinguishing rival claims to the throne.

Many legitimate and illegitimate lines of descent outside of politics remained unmolested, surviving to the present. The most prominent of these lines is the House of Beaufort who are descendants in the male line from John of Gaunt and Edward III. The Beaufort surname given to Gaunt and Katherine Swynford's four legitimised children was taken from the name of one of his French possessions.

Family tree

This family tree includes selected members of the House of Plantagenet who were born legitimate.

KEY

House of Lancaster

House of York

Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou 1113–1151

Henry II, King of England 1133–1189

Geoffrey, Count of Nantes 1134–1158

William FitzEmpress 1136–1164

Henry, Junior King of England 1155–1183

Richard I, King of England 1157–1199

Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 1158–1186

John, King of England 1167–1216

Arthur I, Duke of Brittany 1187–1203

Henry III, King of England 1207–1272

Richard, King of Germany 1209–1272

Edward I, King of England 1239–1307

Edmund, 1st Earl of Lancaster 1245–1296

Henry of Almain 1235–1271

Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall 1249–1300

Alphonso, Earl of Chester 1273–1284

Edward II, King of England 1284–1327

Thomas, 1st Earl of Norfolk 1300–1338

Edmund, 1st Earl of Kent 1301–1330

Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster 1278–1322

Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster 1281–1345

Edward III, King of England 1312–1377

John, Earl of Cornwall 1316–1336

Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent 1326–1331

John, 3rd Earl of Kent 1330–1352

Henry, 1st Duke of Lancaster 1310–1361

Edward, Prince of Wales 1330–1376

Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence 1338–1368

John, 1st Duke of Lancaster 1340–1399

Edmund, 1st Duke of York 1341–1402

Thomas, 1st Duke of Gloucester 1355–1397

Richard II, King of England 1367–1400

Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster and the House of Mortimer

Henry IV, King of England 1366–1413

John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (legitimated) and the House of Beaufort

Edward, 2nd Duke of York 1373–1415

Richard, 3rd Earl of Cambridge 1375–1415 m. Anne de Mortimer

Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham 1381–1399

Henry V, King of England 1386–1422

Thomas, 1st Duke of Clarence 1387–1421

John, 1st Duke of Bedford 1389–1435

Humphrey, 1st Duke of Gloucester 1390–1447

Richard, 3rd Duke of York 1411–1460 Clarence's heir general & York's heir male

Henry VI, King of England 1421–1471

Edward IV, King of England 1442–1483

Edmund, Earl of Rutland 1443–1460

Elizabeth of York and the House of York-de la Pole

George, 1st Duke of Clarence 1449–1478

Richard III, King of England 1452–1485

Edward, Prince of Wales 1453–1471

Edward V, King of England 1470–?

Richard, 1st Duke of York 1473–?

Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury and the House of Pole

Edward, 17th Earl of Warwick 1475–1499

Edward, Prince of Wales 1473–1484

Further information

List of members of the House of Plantagenet (all male and some significant females) 

List of Members of the House of Plantagenets

Angevins Henry II of England, 1133–1189, had 5 sons;

1. William IX, Count of Poitiers, 1153–1156, died in infancy

2. Henry the Young King, 1155–1183, died without issue

3. Richard I of England, 1157–1199, died without legitimate issue

4. Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, 1158–1186, had 1 son;

A. Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, 1187–1203, died without issue

5. John of England, 1167–1216, had 2 sons;

Plantagenets

A. Henry III of England, 1207–1272, had 6 sons;

I. Edward I of England, 1239–1307, had 6 sons.

a. John of England, 1266–1271, died young

b. Henry of England, 1267–1274, died young

c. Alphonso, Earl of Chester, 1273–1284, died young

d. Edward II of England, 1284–1327, had 2 sons;

i. Edward III of England, 1312–1377, had 8 sons;

1. Edward, the Black Prince, 1330–1376, had 2 sons;

A. Edward, 1365–1372, died young

B. Richard II of England, 1367–1400, died without issue

2. William of Hatfield, 1337–1337, died in infancy

3. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, 1338–1368, 1 daughter.

A. Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster, 1355–1381, married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, 2 sons and 2 daughters

I Elizabeth Mortimer, 1371–1417 married Henry Percy (Hotspur), 1 son, 2 daughter

To the Earls of Northumberland

II Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, 1373–1398, married Eleanor daughter of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent and Alice Holland, Countess of Kent granddaughter of Eleanor of Lancaster

a. Anne de Mortimer, 1373–1399, married Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (see below) and it is through her descent from Lionel that the House of York claimed precedence over the House of Lancaster.

To the House of York

b. Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, 1391–1425, heir presumptive to Richard II, no descendents

6. Thomas of England, 1347–1348, died in infancy

7. William of Windsor, 1348–1348, died in infancy

8. Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, 1355–1397, had 1 son;

A. Humphrey Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Buckingham, 1381–1399, died without issue

ii. John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, 1316–1336, died without issue

e. Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, 1300–1338, had 2 sons;

i. Edward of Norfolk, 1320–1334, died young

ii. John Plantagenet, 1328–1362, died without issue

f. Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, 1301–1330, had 2 sons;

i. Edmund Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Kent, 1326–1331, died young

ii. John Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Kent, 1330–1352, died without issue

II. Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, 1245–1296, had 3 sons;

a. Thomas Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, 1278–1322, died without issue

b. Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, 1281–1345, had 1 son;

i. Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361, died without male issue, 2 daughters

Maud, Countess of Leicester, 1339–1362, died without issue

Blanche of Lancaster, married John of Gaunt and had 1 son and two daughters

To House of Lancaster

c. John of Beaufort, Lord of Beaufort, 1286–1327, died without issue

III. Richard of England, 1247–1256, died young

IV. John of England, 1250–1256, died young

V. William of England, 1251–1256, died young

VI. Henry of England, 1256–1257, died young

B. Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, 1209–1272, had 5 sons;

I. John of Cornwall, 1232–1233, died in infancy

II. Henry of Almain, 1235–1271, died without issue

III. Nicholas of Cornwall, 1240–1240, died in infancy

IV. Richard of Cornwall, 1246–1246, died in infancy

V. Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, 1249 - 1300, died without issue

House of Lancaster

4. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 1340–1399, had 4 sons;

A. John of Lancaster, 1362–1365, died in infancy

B. Edward Plantagenet, 1365–1368, died in infancy

C. John Plantagenet, 1366–1367, died in infancy

D. Henry IV of England, 1366–1413, had 5 sons;

I. Edward Plantagenet, 1382–1382, died in infancy

II. Henry V of England, 1387–1422, had 1 son;

a. Henry VI of England, 1421–1471, had 1 son;

i. Edward of Westminster, 1453–1471, died without issue

III. Thomas, Duke of Clarence, 1388–1421, died without issue

IV. John, Duke of Bedford, 1389–1435, died without issue

V. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 1390–1447, died without male issue

E. John, 1374–1375, died in infancy

House of Beaufort (illegitimate branch of House of Lancaster)

F. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, 1373–1410, illegitimate, had 4 sons;

I. Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset, 1401–1418, died without issue

II. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, 1403–1444, died without male issue

a. Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby 1430–1509, married Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, 1 son

i. Henry VII of England married Elizabeth of York

To the House of Tudor

III. Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche, 1405–1431, died without issue

IV. Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, 1406–1455, had 4 sons;

a. Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, 1436–1464, had 1 son;

i. Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester,1460–1526, had 1 son;

1. Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester, 1496–1549, had 4 sons;

A. William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester, 1526–1589, had 1 son;

I. Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester, 1568– 1628, had 8 sons;

B. Francis Somerset

C. Charles Somerset

D. Thomas Somerset

b. Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset, 1439–1471, died without issue

c. John Beaufort, Earl of Dorset, 1455–1471, died without issue

g. Thomas Beaufort, 1455–1463, died young

G. Cardinal Henry Beaufort Bishop of Winchester, 1375–1447, died without issue

H. Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, 1377–1427, had 1 son;

I. Henry Beaufort, died young

House of York

5. Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, 1341–1402, had 2 sons;

A. Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, 1373–1415, died without issue

B. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, 1375–1415, had 1 son;

I. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, 1411–1460, had 8 sons;

a. Henry of York, 1441–1441, died in infancy

b. Edward IV of England, 1442–1483, had 3 sons and 7 daughters;

i. Edward V of England, 1470–?, died without issue

ii. Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, 1473–?, died without issue

iii. George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, 1477–1479, died young

iv. Elizabeth of York married Henry VII of England, 4 sons and 4 daughters

To the House of Tudor

c. Edmund, Earl of Rutland, 1443–1460, died without issue

d. William of York, 1447–1447, died in infancy

e. John of York, 1448–1448, died in infancy

f. George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, 1449–1478, had 2 sons and 2 daughters;

i. Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, 1475–1499, died without issue

ii. Richard of York, 1476–1477, died in infancy

iii. Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473–1541, considered by some to be the last of the Plantagenets, had 4 sons and one daughter, considered the source of one of the Alternative successions of the English crown.

A. Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu

To the Earl of Huntingdon, Marquess of Hastings and Earl of Loudoun

g. Thomas of York, 1451–1451, died in infancy

h. Richard III of England, 1452–1485, had 1 son;

i. Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, 1473–1484, died young

Titles 

Titles

–

Title	Held	Designation and details
Count of Anjou	870–1204	ancestral family title, originating with Ingelger. Remained under direct control of the Plantagenets until Philip II of France captured the county and merged it with the House of Capet royal holdings.
Count of Maine	1110–1203	ancestral family title, inherited by the House of Anjou after the marriage of Ermengarde of Maine with Fulk V of Anjou. It was captured and merged into the House of Capet royal holdings.
King of Jerusalem	1131–1143	title held by the grandfather of Henry II of England named Fulk of Jerusalem. Ruled for a while by their cousins. The Plantagenets followed up their claim in the Third and Ninth Crusades but never regained it.
Duke of Normandy	1144–1485	also used Count of Mortain title. Due to be handed to the Plantagenets during The Anarchy but Geoffrey V of Anjou conquered it early. Mainland holdings lost to Valois in 1259, but title continued to be used in relation to Channel Islands. Eventually lost to House of Tudor.
Duke of Aquitaine	1152–1422	titles Duke of Gascony and Count of Poitiers also used. The Duchy became part of the Plantagenet holdings after Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry II. Eventually lost to House of Valois.
King of England	1154–1485	title became part of the Plantagenet holdings after the Treaty of Wallingford. The title was inherited through Matilda, Lady of the English. Eventually lost to the House of Tudor.
Lord of Ireland	1177–1485	title was a Plantagenet holding since 1177, replacing the High Kings of Ireland title. Eventually lost to the Tudors; Henry VIII of England later raised the Lordship to a Monarchal title.
Duke of Brittany	1181–1203	title Count of Nantes also used. Became Plantagenet title after marriage of Constance, Duchess of Brittany, and Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany. Strongly linked to Earl of Richmond title.
Lord of Cyprus	1191–1192	title was briefly held by Richard the Lionheart after his conquest of the island, he then sold the island to Guy of Lusignan who raised Cyprus from a Lordship into the Kingdom of Cyprus.
King of Sicily	1254–1263	titular claim rather than de facto. Pope Alexander IV had declared Sicily a papal possession and offered the crown to Henry III's son Edmund, Earl of Lancaster. The next Pope reversed the offer and the Plantagenets never succeeded in taking the kingdom, but took the claim seriously.
King of Germany and King of the Romans	1257–1272	Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, was elected king in opposition to the claim of Alfonso X of Castile, and after extensive lobbying and bribery. He was crowned in 1257 at Aachen as King of Germany. As such, he could claim the title of King of the Romans as emperor-elect. Since the pope supported Alfonso, he never crowned Richard as emperor. Richard only made four brief visits to Germany, and his sons were not considered as possible successors.
Prince of Wales	1301–1484	Originally a fief of the Angevin Empire, it was given to the first-born son of the King of England after the Aberffraw dynasty rebelled against their vassal. Eventually lost to the Tudors.
King of France	1340–1485	Mostly titular, rather than de facto. The Plantagenets claimed to be the senior continuation of the House of Capet after the Direct Capetians line came to an end. During part of the Lancastrian period of rule there was a time when this was de facto rulership.

Reigns of the Plantagenet monarchs of England 

Reigns of the Plantagenet monarchs of England

Portrait	Name	From	Until	Relationship with predecessor
	Henry II of England (Henry Curtmantle)	19 December 1154	6 July 1189	son of Empress Matilda, heir to the English throne but was usurped by his cousin, Stephen I of England.
	Henry the Young King	14 June 1170	11 June 1183	coregent at age 15 onwards with his father, Henry II of England.
	Richard I of England (Richard Cœur de Lion, or the "Lionheart")	3 September 1189	6 April 1199	son of Henry II of England.
	John of England (John Lackland)	27 May 1199	19 October 1216	son of Henry II of England. Brother of issueless Richard I of England.
	Henry III of England	28 October 1216	16 November 1272	son of John of England.
	Edward I of England (Edward Longshanks)	20 November 1272	7 July 1307	son of Henry III of England.
	Edward II of England	7 July 1307	25 January 1327	son of Edward I of England.
	Edward III of England	25 January 1327	21 June 1377	son of Edward II of England.
	Richard II of England (Richard "of Bordeaux")	21 June 1377	29 September 1399	son of Edward, the Black Prince and grandson of Edward III of England.
	Henry IV of England (Henry Bolingbroke)	30 September 1399	20 March 1413	First King from the House of Lancaster, cousin of Richard II of England, whom he had murdered. Son of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and grandson of Edward III.
	Henry V of England	20 March 1413	31 August 1422	son of Henry IV of England.
	Henry VI of England	31 August 1422	4 March 1461	son of Henry V of England.
		30 October 1470	11 April 1471
	Edward IV of England	4 March 1461	30 October 1470	First King of the House of York, cousin of Henry VI of England. Son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, common heir-general of Lionel of Antwerp and Edmund of Langley, both sons of Edward III
		11 April 1471	9 April 1483
	Edward V of England	9 April 1483	25 June 1483	son of Edward IV of England.
	Richard III of England	26 June 1483	22 August 1485	uncle of Edward V of England. Son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York.

Timeline of monarchs 

Timeline of monarchs

References

Footnotes

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Historiography

• Hastings, Margaret. "High History or Hack History: England in the Later Middle Ages," in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. Changing Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing Since 1939 (Harvard University Press, 1966), pp 58–100; historiography

— Royal house — House of Plantagenet Cadet branch of the Angevins Deposition: 1485
Preceded by House of Blois	Ruling House of England Angevins (until 1214) House of Lancaster (1399–1461) House of York (1461–1485) 1154–1485	Succeeded by House of Tudor
Preceded by House of Penthièvre	Ruling House of Brittany 1181–1203	Succeeded by House of Thouars
Preceded by House of Ingelger	Ruling House of Anjou until 1214	Succeeded by House of Anjou

English Journal

• Drosophila Condensin II subunit Chromosome-associated protein D3 regulates cell fate determination through non-cell-autonomous signaling.

• Klebanow LR1, Peshel EC1, Schuster AT1, De K1, Sarvepalli K1, Lemieux ME2, Lenoir JJ3, Moore AW4, McDonald JA5, Longworth MS6.
• Development (Cambridge, England).Development.2016 Aug 1;143(15):2791-802. doi: 10.1242/dev.133686. Epub 2016 Jun 17.
• The pattern of the Drosophila melanogaster adult wing is heavily influenced by the expression of proteins that dictate cell fate decisions between intervein and vein during development. dSRF (Blistered) expression in specific regions of the larval wing disc promotes intervein cell fate, whereas EGFR
• PMID 27317808

• The embalming of John of Lancaster, first Duke of Bedford (1435 AD): A forensic analysis.

• Charlier P1, Poupon J2, Jeannel GF3, Favier D3, Popescu SM4, Augias A5, Huynh-Charlier I6, Laquay L5, Boudouma O7, Dorion-Peyronnet C8.
• Medicine, science, and the law.Med Sci Law.2016 Apr;56(2):107-15. doi: 10.1177/0025802415587318. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
• During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, embalming the cadaver of the elite was common practice, being a highly technical treatment mixing vegetal and mineral substances. To assess the exact kind of embalming reserved for the dead body (with the practical necessities of desiccation and good odour), w
• PMID 26130751

• Context Matters: Distinct Disease Outcomes as a Result of Crebbp Hemizygosity in Different Mouse Bone Marrow Compartments.

• Zhou T1,2, Perez SN3, Cheng Z1, Kinney MC4, Lemieux ME5, Scott LM6, Rebel VI1,2,7.
• PloS one.PLoS One.2016 Jul 18;11(7):e0158649. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158649. eCollection 2016.
• Perturbations in CREB binding protein (CREBBP) are associated with hematopoietic malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Mice hemizygous for Crebbp develop myelodysplasia with proliferative features, reminiscent of human MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm-unclassifiable (MDS/MPN-U), and
• PMID 27427906

Japanese Journal

• トロロープとアイルランド:Palliser series におけるアイルランド(1)(中井紀明教授退任記念号)

• 英米評論 (28), 123-153, 2014-03-18
• NAID 110009892134

• 強いられた結合と調和 : Can You Forgive Her?論

• 沖縄大学人文学部紀要 5, 45-54, 2004-03-31
• NAID 110004706793

• マーガレット・オヴ・ヨーク : ヨーク家の人びと(2)

• Artes : bulletin of Takarazuka University of Art and Design : 宝塚造形芸術大学紀要 17, 23-38, 2004-03-31
• NAID 110002963121

Related Links

• Amazon.co.jp: plantagenet: 洋書

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• Plantagenet Wines

A Mount Barker winery that offers two premium wine label: Omrah and Plantagenet. Site provides history, wine list and order forms. Open for tastings and cellar door sales.

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