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Piroplasms (order Piroplasmida) are protozoan parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa.^[2]^[3] They divide by binary fission and as sporozoan parasites they possess sexual and asexual phases (sexual reproduction occurs in the tick gut^[4]). They include the tick parasites Babesia and Theileria.^[5]^[6]

Description

They are minute rounded or pyriform parasites found within erythrocytes, or other circulating or endothelial cells of vertebrates, where they reproduce by merogony. The trophozoite stage is separated from erythrocyte by a single membrane. This distinguishes them from other blood parasites that usually have at least two membranes.

An apical complex with a polar ring and rhopteries occurs, but without a conoid and usually without associated pellicular microtubules. They lack flagella and do not form either oocysts or spores.

The known vectors are ticks or leeches in which they undergo sporogony; sexual reproduction probably occurs in the vector.

References

^ Manwell RD (1964). "The Genus Dactylosoma". The Journal of Protozoology 11 (4): 526–530. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01792.x.
^ Definition: piroplasmida from Online Medical Dictionary
^ Flora and Fauna of the British Isles
^ Rudzinska MA, Spielman A, Lewengrub S, Trager W, Piesman J. "Sexuality in piroplasms as revealed by electron microscopy in Babesia microti". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 (10): 2966–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.10.2966. PMC 393954. PMID 6574467.
^ Definition: Theileriidae from Online Medical Dictionary
^ Theleriosis: The causal organism and life cycle

"Piroplasmida". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 5863.

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English Journal

Persistent babesiosis in a Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) infected with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus.

Liu DX1, Gill A, Holman PJ, Didier PJ, Blanchard JL, Veazey RS, Lackner AA.Author information 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.AbstractBACKGROUND: A rhesus macaque developed chronic anemia, lymphocytic leukocytopenia, fever, and anorexia while immunodeficient following inoculation with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus.
Journal of medical primatology.J Med Primatol.2014 Jun;43(3):206-208. doi: 10.1111/jmp.12105. Epub 2014 Feb 11.
BACKGROUND: A rhesus macaque developed chronic anemia, lymphocytic leukocytopenia, fever, and anorexia while immunodeficient following inoculation with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus.METHODS: A complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, polymerase chain reaction and gene sequence were perf
PMID 24517274

[Human babesiosis - a rare but potentially dangerous zoonosis].

Hildebrandt A1, Hunfeld KP2.Author information 1Medizinische Universitätslaboratorien, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena.2Zentralinstitut für Labormedizin, Mikrobiologie & Krankenhaushygiene, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main.AbstractHuman babesiosis is caused by the intraerythrocytic parasite of the genus Babesia (phylum Apicomplexa). Humans are commonly infected by the bite of Ixodid ticks. Rarely, transmission does occur perinatal or via contaminated blood transfusion. There is only insufficient data available on the clinical relevance in Europe, whereas there are known endemic states in the United States with an increasing importance of the disease in transfusion medicine. The following article gives an overview of the situation in Germany.Human babesiosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide increasing importance according to the increasing number of immunocompromised patients. Clinical symptoms have a wide range from asymptomatic to severe and letal cases. So far, the detection of the parasites in ticks and seroepidemiological data in Europe identified 3 humanpathogenic species: B. microti, B. divergens und B. venatorum (EU1-3). The relative small number of approximately 50 documented human cases is probably due to the lack of knowledge of the disease and the availability of diagnostic tools.Comprehensive systematic investigations of the prevalence in ticks, seroepidemiological data and improved diagnostic tests are urgently needed to evaluate the importance of the parasite.
Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946).Dtsch Med Wochenschr.2014 May;139(18):957-62. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1369936. Epub 2014 Apr 23.
Human babesiosis is caused by the intraerythrocytic parasite of the genus Babesia (phylum Apicomplexa). Humans are commonly infected by the bite of Ixodid ticks. Rarely, transmission does occur perinatal or via contaminated blood transfusion. There is only insufficient data available on the clinical
PMID 24760717

Babesia venatorum Infection in Child, China.

Sun Y, Li SG, Jiang JF, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Cao WC.KEYWORDS: Babesia venatorum, China, child, human infection, parasites, protozoa, ticks, zoonoses
Emerging infectious diseases.Emerg Infect Dis.2014 May;20(5):896-7. doi: 10.3201/eid2005.121034.
PMID 24751126

Japanese Journal

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Theileria Species Detected from Japanese Serows (Capricornis crispus) in Iwate Prefecture, Japan

Ikawa Kazuhito,Aoki Mikiko,Ichikawa Madoka [他],ITAGAKI Tadashi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 73(10), 1359-1361, 2011
… In the present study, we tried to detect DNA for ribosomal RNA genes of piroplasma parasites from the liver or blood of 43 Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) in Iwate Prefecture of Japan by polymerase chain reaction. …
NAID 130000868199

八重山諸島のカンムリワシ(Spilornis cheela)に認められたバベシア原虫感染(寄生虫学)

村田浩一,伊藤加奈,佐々木絵美,佐藤雪太,金城輝雄,天野洋祐,長嶺隆
Japanese journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 13(1), 29-33, 2008-03-00
八重山諸島に生息するカンムリワシ(Spilornis cheela)6羽の赤血球細胞中にBabesia sp.感染を認めた.細胞内寄生率(平均±標準誤差)は0.1±0.09%であった.本原虫感染に関連する臨床的著変は認められなかった.原虫の形態的特徴および計測値からワシタカ目で感染報告のあるB. moshkovskiiに近似していると思われたが,一部の計測値は他の宿主鳥類から検出されたBabesi …
NAID 110006781657

トキソプラズマ溶解抗原によるマウスのPiroplasma感染死防御効果

小川了 [他],佐藤基佳,広瀬恒夫,鈴木直義
日本獣医学雑誌 47(2), 225-236, 1985-04-00
トキソプラズマ溶解抗原(TLA)の投与による, マウス・バベシア(Babesia rodhaini)感染死防御について検討を加え以下の成績を得た. 1)マウス当り500μg(蛋白質量)のTLA投与で, 最も強いバベシア感染死防御効果がみられた. 2)バベシア・リンホカイン(B-LKs)あるいはトキソプラズマ・リンホカイン(Tp-LKs)との併用により, TLA単独投与の場合より強い感染死防御効果を …
NAID 110003916766

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Babesia」「ピロプラズマ」

「Babesia」

Piroplasmida
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Superphylum:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Apicomplexa
Class:	Aconoidasida
Order:	Piroplasmida
Families and Genera
	Anthemosomatidae Anthemosoma; ; Babesiidae Babesia; Echinozoon; Entopolypoides; ; Dactylosomatidae Dactylosoma; Haemohormidium; ; Theileriidae Haematoxenus; Sauroplasma; Theileria; ;