WordNet
- multicellular organisms having less-specialized cells than in the Metazoa; comprises the single phylum Porifera (同)subkingdom Parazoa
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/30 04:18:37」(JST)
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Parazoa
Temporal range: Ediacaran - Recent |
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| A sponge |
| Scientific classification |
| Domain: |
Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia |
| Subkingdom: |
Parazoa
Grant & Todd, 1838. |
| Phyla |
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The Parazoa are an ancestral subkingdom of animals, literally translated as "beside the animals".
Contents
- 1 Description
- 2 Cladistics
- 3 References
- 4 External links
Description[edit source | edit]
Parazoans differ from their choanoflagellate ancestors in that they are not microscopic and have differentiated cells. However, they are an outgroup of the animal phylogenetic tree being that they do not have tissues or organs. The only surviving parazoans are the sponges, which belong to the phylum Porifera, and the Trichoplax in the phylum Placozoa.
Parazoa display no body symmetry (are asymmetrical); all other animal groups display some sort of symmetry. There are currently 5000 species, 150 of which are freshwater. Larvae are planktonic and adults are sessile.
Cladistics[edit source | edit]
The Parazoa-Eumetazoa split has been estimated at 940 million years ago.[1]
The parazoa group is now considered paraphyletic.[2] It is not included in most modern cladistic analyses. When referenced, it is sometimes considered an equivalent to Porifera.[3]
Some authors include Placozoa,[4] a phylum that consists of only one species, Trichoplax adhaerens, in the division, but they are also sometimes placed in the subkingdom Agnotozoa.
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ Nikoh N, Iwabe N, Kuma K, et al (July 1997). "An estimate of divergence time of Parazoa and Eumetazoa and that of Cephalochordata and Vertebrata by aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase clocks". J. Mol. Evol. 45 (1): 97–106. doi:10.1007/PL00006208. PMID 9211740. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ^ "PARAZOA TAXONOMY". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ^ "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ^ "Reviews glossary". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
External links[edit source | edit]
- http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/BSC1011/BSC1011_12/sld001.htm
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Eukaryota
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- Domain : Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukaryota
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| Bikonta |
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AH/SAR
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AH
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Archaeplastida, or Plantae sensu lato
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- Viridiplantae/Plantae sensu stricto
- Rhodophyta
- Glaucophyta
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Hacrobia, or non-SAR chromalveolata
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- Haptophyta
- Cryptophyta
- Centroheliozoa
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SAR
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Halvaria
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Heterokont ("S")
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- Ochrophyta
- Bigyra
- Pseudofungi
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Alveolata
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- Ciliates
- Myzozoa
- Apicomplexa
- Dinoflagellata
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Rhizaria
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Excavata
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- Discoba
- Euglenozoa
- Jakobea
- Percolozoa
- Loukozoa
- Metamonad
- Malawimonas
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Apusozoa
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- Apusomonadida
- Ancyromonadida
- Hemimastigida
- Hemimastix
- Spironema
- Stereonema
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| Unikonta |
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Amoebozoa
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- Lobosea
- Conosa
- Phalansterium
- Breviata
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Opisthokonta
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Holozoa
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Mesomycetozoea
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- Dermocystida
- Ichthyophonida
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Filozoa
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Filasterea
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Choanoflagellate
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- Codonosigidae
- Salpingoecidae
- Acanthoecidae
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Metazoa
or "Animalia"
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- Eumetazoa
- Bilateria
- Cnidaria
- Ctenophora
- Mesozoa
- Parazoa
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Holomycota
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Fungi
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- Dikarya
- Glomeromycota
- Zygomycota
- Blastocladiomycota
- Chytridiomycota
- Neocallimastigomycota
- Microsporidia
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Nucleariidae
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- Nuclearia
- Micronuclearia
- Rabdiophrys
- Pinaciophora
- Pompholyxophrys
- Fonticula
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| Unclassified |
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Diphyllatea
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- Collodictyon triciliatum
- Diphylleia rotans
- Sulcomonas lacustris
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Extant phyla of kingdom Animalia by subkingdom
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| Parazoa |
- Porifera
- Calcarea
- Demospongiae
- Hexactinellida
- Placozoa
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| Mesozoa |
- Orthonectida
- Dicyemida
- Monoblastozoa
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| Eumetazoa |
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Radiata
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- Ctenophora
- Cnidaria
- Anthozoa
- Hydrozoa
- Scyphozoa
- Cubozoa
- Staurozoa
- Myxozoa
- Polypodiozoa
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Bilateria
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Protostomia
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Ecdysozoa
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Cycloneuralia
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Scalidophora
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- Kinorhyncha
- Loricifera
- Priapulida
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Nematoida
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Panarthropoda
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- Onychophora
- Tardigrada
- Arthropoda
- Lobopodia
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Lophotrochozoa
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Spiralia
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Platyzoa
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- Platyhelminthes
- Gastrotricha
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Gnathifera
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- Rotifera
- Acanthocephala
- Gnathostomulida
- Micrognathozoa
- Cycliophora
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Trochozoa
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- Sipuncula
- Nemertea
- Mollusca
- Annelida
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Lophophorata
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- Phoronida
- Brachiopoda
- Bryozoa (?)
- Entoprocta (?)
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Deuterostomia
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Ambulacraria
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Xenacoelomorpha
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- Acoelomorpha (Acoela)
- Nemertodermatida
- Xenoturbellida
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- Echinodermata
- Hemichordata
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- Chordata
- Craniata
- Cephalochordata
- Tunicata
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Basal/disputed
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English Journal
- Immunohistochemical localization of an N-acetyl amino-carbohydrate specific lectin (ACL-I) of the marine sponge Axinella corrugata.
- Dresch RR, Zanetti GD, Kanan JH, Mothes B, Lerner CB, Trindade VM, Henriques AT, Vozari-Hampe MM.SourcePrograma de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Acta histochemica.Acta Histochem.2011 Oct;113(6):671-4. Epub 2010 Aug 19.
- The N-acetyl amino-carbohydrate specific lectin (ACL-I) was previously identified and purified by us from the marine sponge Axinella corrugata (phylum Porifera, class Demospongiae). The distribution of the specific lectin within the tissue of the sponge was studied by bright-field optical microscopy
- PMID 20727574
- Biochemical and biophysical characterization of collagens of marine sponge, Ircinia fusca (Porifera: Demospongiae: Irciniidae).
- Pallela R, Bojja S, Janapala VR.SourceToxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 607, India; Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608737, Republic of Korea.
- International journal of biological macromolecules.Int J Biol Macromol.2011 Jul 1;49(1):85-92. Epub 2011 Apr 9.
- Collagens were isolated and partially characterized from the marine demosponge, Ircinia fusca from Gulf of Mannar (GoM), India, with an aim to develop potentially applicable collagens from unused and under-used resources. The yield of insoluble, salt soluble and acid soluble forms of collagens was 3
- PMID 21501629
Related Links
- The Parazoa are an ancestral subkingdom of animals, literally translated as " beside the animals". Contents. 1 Description; 2 Cladistics; 3 References; 4 External links. [edit] Description. Parazoans differ from their choanoflagellate ...