Neisseria cinerea

Neisseria cinerea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Betaproteobacteria
Order:	Neisseriales
Family:	Neisseriaceae
Genus:	Neisseria
Species:	N. cinerea; Knapp at al. 1984

ナイセリア・シネレア

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Neisseria cinerea is a commensal species grouped with the Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, and catalase-positive diplococci.^[1] It was first classified as Micrococcus cinereus by von Lingelsheim in 1906. Using DNA hybridization, N. cinerea exhibits 50% similarity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.^[2]

Classification

N. cinerea has been formerly classified as many other organisms, including Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria pseudocatarrhalis. It is often mistaken for N. gonorrhoeae with which it shares morphological and biochemical traits. Both are isolated from similar infections, including endocervical and rectal infections, neonatal conjunctivitis, and lymphadenitis.N. cinerea has even been isolated on gonococcal selective media specifically made to isolate N. gonorrhoeae.^[2]

Colony Morphology

One important difference between N. cinerea and N. gonorrhoeae is that N. cinerea is slightly more pigmented and exhibits a golden-brown rather than a pinkish-brown pigmentation.^[2] The average diameter of N. cinerea colonies varies, but stays around 1–2 mm.The colonies are convex, translucent, and glistening.There is no change in the color of the media used to isolate N. cinerea before or after staining with Lugol's iodine.^[3]

Biochemical Processes

N. cinerea can produce acid from glucose like N. gonorrhoeae, but it will then oxidize the acid to carbon dioxide.^[2] Although it can break down glucose, it is unable to use glucose or other carbohydrates for energy, making it asaccharolytic.^[1] In addition, N. cinerea will react in coagglutination serologic tests and, like N. gonorrhoeae, it produces the enzyme hydroxyprolylaminopeptidase.^[2]N. cinerea does not reduce nitrate, but it does reduce nitrite.Proline, arginine, cystine, and cysteine are required for its growth.^[1] N. cinerea does not react with antigonococcal protein I monoclonal antibodies and does not produce immunoglobulin A protease, unlike N. gonorrhoeae. Also unlike N. gonorrhoeae, N. cinerea is not resistant to the antibiotic colistin, and it can grow on Mueller-Hinton agar and trypticase soy agar.^[1]

Disease

Neisseria cinerea is classified as a non-pathogenic bacterium, but has been isolated from numerous infections including acute meningitis.^[1] Many studies indicate that N. cinerea colonizes the oropharynx and sometimes the genital tract. A few infections which could possibly be caused by N. cinerea have been reported. However, in each case the organism was misidentified as N. flavescens, N. gonorrhoeae, or M. catarrhalis.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Knapp, J.S. et al. (1984). "Characterization of Neisseria cinerea, a nonpathogenic species isolated on Martin-Lewis medium selective for pathogenic Neisseria spp.". Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Neisseria cinerea". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b Knapp, J.S.; E.W. Hook (1988). "Prevalence and persistence of Neisseria cinerea and other Neisseria spp. in adults.". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26.5: 896–900.

External links

Neisseria cinerea at the Encyclopedia of Life

UpToDate Contents

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1. 髄膜炎菌の微生物学および病理生物学 microbiology and pathobiology of neisseria meningitidis
2. 成人および思春期における淋菌感染症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in adults and adolescents
3. 髄膜炎菌ワクチン meningococcal vaccines
4. 髄膜炎菌感染の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of meningococcal infection
5. 髄膜炎菌感染の疫学 epidemiology of neisseria meningitidis infection

English Journal

Sequence-based predictions of lipooligosaccharide diversity in the Neisseriaceae and their implication in pathogenicity.

Stein DC, Miller CJ, Bhoopalan SV, Sommer DD.SourceDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America. dcstein@umd.edu
PloS one.PLoS One.2011 Apr 18;6(4):e18923.
Endotoxin [Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)] is an important virulence determinant in gram negative bacteria. While the genetic basis of endotoxin production and its role in disease in the pathogenic Neisseria has been extensively studied, little research has focused on the genetic
PMID 21533118

Biochemical and genomic analysis of the denitrification pathway within the genus Neisseria.

Barth KR, Isabella VM, Clark VL.SourceDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
Microbiology (Reading, England).Microbiology.2009 Dec;155(Pt 12):4093-103. Epub 2009 Sep 17.
Since Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are obligate human pathogens, a comparison with commensal species of the same genus could reveal differences important in pathogenesis. The recent completion of commensal Neisseria genome draft assemblies allowed us to perform a comparison of th
PMID 19762442