WordNet

street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"
the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)d
the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)n
the univalent radical CH3- derived from methane (同)methyl_group, methyl radical

PrepTutorEJDIC

酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD
deuteriumの化学記号
nitrogenの化学記号
(おもに人称代名詞・固有名詞(人名),thereの後で)had, wouldの短縮形 / (疑問文でwhere,what,whenの後で)didの短縮形;Where'd he go?=Where did he go?

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/10 03:35:31」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid or N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. Unlike glutamate, NMDA only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor and has no effect on other glutamate receptors (such as those for AMPA and kainate). NMDA receptors are particularly important when they become overactive during withdrawal from alcohol as this causes symptoms such as agitation and, sometimes, epileptiform seizures.

Biological function

NMDA is a water-soluble synthetic substance that is not normally found in biological tissue. It was first synthesized in the 1960s. NMDA is an excitotoxin (it kills nerve cells by over-exciting them); this trait has applications in behavioral neuroscience research. The body of work utilizing this technique falls under the term "lesion studies". Researchers apply NMDA to specific regions of an (animal) subject's brain or spinal cord and subsequently test for the behavior of interest, such as operant behavior. If the behavior is compromised, it suggests the destroyed tissue was part of a brain region that made an important contribution to the normal expression of that behavior.

However, in lower quantities NMDA is not neurotoxic. In fact, normal operation of the NMDA receptor allows individuals to respond to excitatory stimuli through the interrelated functioning of NMDA receptors, glutamate, and dopamine.

Therefore the action of glutamate specifically through NMDA receptors can be investigated by injecting small quantities of NMDA into a certain region in the brain: for example, injection of NMDA in a brainstem region induces involuntary locomotion in cats and rats.

The mechanism of stimulating NMDA receptor is a specific agonist-binding to its NR2 subunits, and then a non-specific cation channel is opened, which can allow the passage of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ into the cell and K⁺ out of the cell. The excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) produced by activation of an NMDA receptor also increases the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the cell. The Ca²⁺ can in turn function as a second messenger in various signaling pathways.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] This process is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds and plays a key role in a wide range of physiological (e.g. memory) and pathological processes (e.g. Excitotoxicity).

NMDA receptor activated

Antagonists

Examples of antagonists of the NMDA receptor are APV, Amantadine, dextromethorphan (DXM), ketamine, tiletamine, phencyclidine (PCP), riluzole, memantine, methoxetamine (MXE), methoxphenidine (MXP) and kynurenic acid; the latter is the only known endogenous antagonist. They are commonly referred to as NMDA receptor antagonists.

References

^ "N-Methylaspartate - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 24 June 2005. Identification. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Dingledine, R; Borges K (Mar 1999). "The glutamate receptor ion channels". Pharmacol Rev. 51 (1): 7–61. PMID 10049997.
^ Liu, Y; Zhang J (Oct 2000). "Recent development in NMDA receptors". Chin Med J (Engl) 113 (10): 948–56. PMID 11775847.
^ Cull-Candy, S; Brickley S (Jun 2001). "NMDA receptor subunits: diversity, development and disease". Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11 (3): 327–35. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00215-4. PMID 11399431.
^ Paoletti, P; Neyton J (Feb 2007). "NMDA receptor subunits: function and pharmacology". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 7 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.08.011. PMID 17088105.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における肝性脳症：治療 hepatic encephalopathy in adults treatment
2. 肝性脳症：病因 hepatic encephalopathy pathogenesis
3. 脳室周囲白質軟化症 periventricular leukomalacia
4. 慢性疼痛の定義および病因 definition and pathogenesis of chronic pain
5. 虚血性脳卒中の病態生理 pathophysiology of ischemic stroke

English Journal

Lactational and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls induces sex-specific anxiolytic behavior and cognitive deficit in mice offspring.

Tian YH, Hwan Kim S, Lee SY, Jang CG.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
Synapse (New York, N.Y.).Synapse.2011 Oct;65(10):1032-41. doi: 10.1002/syn.20934. Epub 2011 Apr 7.
The central nervous system is affected by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Previous studies have indicated that developmental exposure to PCBs impairs behavioral performance and alters cognitive abilities. This study assessed the effects of lactational and postnatal exposure to a commercial PCBs mi
PMID 21425352

Hippocampal mossy fiber long-term depression in Grm2/3 double knockout mice.

Lyon L, Borel M, Carrion M, Kew JN, Corti C, Harrison PJ, Burnet PW, Paulsen O, Rodriguez-Moreno A.SourceDepartment of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Synapse (New York, N.Y.).Synapse.2011 Sep;65(9):945-54. doi: 10.1002/syn.20923. Epub 2011 Mar 28.
Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2, encoded by Grm2, and mGluR3, encoded by Grm3) are inhibitory autoreceptors that negatively modulate the adenylate cyclase signaling cascade. Within the hippocampus, mGluR2 is believed to play a key role in the induction of long-term depression (LTD)
PMID 21360593

Japanese Journal

Effect of Heat Exposure on Aminophylline-Induced Convulsions in Mice

Ochi Rika,Suemaru Katsuya,Watanabe Shinichi,Yamaguchi Takumi,Takechi Kenshi,Kawasaki Hiromu,Araki Hiroaki
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34(5), 666-670, 2011
… We investigated whether N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are involved in aminophylline (theophylline-2-ethylenediamine)-induced convulsions that are augmented by heat exposure-induced hyperthermia in mice. …
NAID 130000657777

抗NMDA受容体脳炎に関する最新の知見 (特集傍腫瘍性神経筋疾患update)

飯塚高浩,坂井文彦,望月秀樹
Brain and nerve 62(4), 331-338, 2010-04
NAID 40017067153

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸」
関連記事	「D」「n」「aspartic」「N」「Nd」

「N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸」

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
Names
	IUPAC name (2R)-2-(Methylamino)butanedioic acid
	Other names N-Methylaspartate; N-Methyl-D-aspartate; NMDA
Identifiers
CAS Number	6384-92-5
Beilstein Reference	1724431
ChEBI	CHEBI:31882
ChEMBL	ChEMBL291278
ChemSpider	21436
IUPHAR/BPS	4268
Jmol interactive 3D	Image; Image
KEGG	C12269
MeSH	N-Methylaspartate
PubChem	22880
RTECS number	CI9457000
	InChI InChI=1 S/C5H9NO4/c1-6-3(5(9)10)2-4(7)8/h3,6H,2H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m1/s1 Key: HOKKHZGPKSLGJE-GSVOUGTGSA-N ;
	SMILES CN[C@H](Cc(:[o]):[o])c(:[o]):[o] ; CN[C@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C5H9NO4
Molar mass	147.13 g·mol−1
Appearance	White, opaque crystals
Odor	Odorless
Melting point	189 to 190 °C (372 to 374 °F; 462 to 463 K)
log P	1.39
Acidity (pKa)	2.206
Basicity (pKb)	11.791
Hazards
S-phrases	S22, S24/25
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (Median dose)	137 mg kg−1 (intraperitoneal, mouse)
Related compounds
Related amino acid derivatives	Sarcosine; Dimethylglycine; beta-Methylamine-L-alanine;
Related compounds	Dimethylacetamide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references